数位dp专题

数位dp前置技能:记忆化搜索+动态规划

数位dp一般应用于:求出给定区间[A, B]内,符合条件P(x)的数x的个数。条件P(x)一般于数的大小无关,而与数的组成有关。
例题:求区间[a, b]中不包含49的数的个数,其中0<=a, b<=2e9。
我们要求区间[a, b]中不包含49的数的个数,注意到a, b的范围太大,暴力求解是肯定会超时的,因此要考虑动态规划,而如果直接记录下数字,又无法开出这么大的数组,因此我们引入数位dp。

要求区间[a, b]中不包含49的数的个数,很容易想到用前缀和的思想,即[a, b]=[0, b]-[0, a),我们先求出给定a, b的每个位置的数,保存在数组s中,例如a=109,那么a[1]=9,a[2]=0,a[3]=1。然后开始dp,我们可以选择记忆化搜索或者是预处理+递推,记忆化搜索相对来讲较为容易一点。那么我们需要记录些什么呢?首先要记录长度,然后要记录当前的数位是否为4,这样就便于在记忆化搜索中得到的答案。
然后进行记忆化搜索,记录上一位是否为4并枚举这一位,如果没有限制就可以直接枚举,但是这样可能会超内存,因此我们每次都要判断是否有最大的限制。

参考代码:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int a, b, digit[20], dp[20][2];

int dfs(int pos, bool if4, bool limit)
{
	if (pos == 0)
		return 1;/*如果一个数的数位从前到后遍历一遍没有continue,这个数符合条件,返回1*/
	/*这里一般返回1,表示你枚举的这个数是合法的,那么这里就需要你在枚举时必须每一位都要满足题目条件,也就是说当前枚举到pos位,一定要保证前面已经枚举的数位是合法的。不过具体题目不同或者写法不同的话不一定要返回1 */
	if (!limit && dp[pos][if4])
		return dp[pos][if4];
	/*为什么要返回呢?可以画图理解当我们搜到3XXX时,程序运行到1XXX时就已经把3XXX之后的搜索完了,记忆化也是这个用意*/
	int cnt = 0;
	int maxx = limit ? digit[pos] : 9;
	/*求出最高可以枚举到哪个数字*/
	for (int i = 0; i <= maxx; i++)
	{
		if (if4 && i == 9)
			continue;
		cnt += dfs(pos - 1, i == 4, limit && i == maxx);
		/*只有之前有限制现在的达到了上限才能构成限制*/
	}
	return limit ? cnt : dp[pos][if4] = cnt;
	/*如果没有限制,代表搜满了,可以记忆化,否则就不能*/
}

int solve(int x)
{
	memset(digit, 0, sizeof(digit));
	int pos = 0;
	while (x)
	{
		digit[++pos] = x % 10;//计算每一位的数,放进digit数组;
		x /= 10;
	}
	return dfs(pos, false, true);
}

int main()
{
	scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
	printf("%d
", solve(b) - solve(a - 1));
	return 0;
}

例题1:
HDU 3555 Bomb

Problem Description
The counter-terrorists found a time bomb in the dust. But this time the terrorists improve on the time bomb. The number sequence of the time bomb counts from 1 to N. If the current number sequence includes the sub-sequence "49", the power of the blast would add one point.
Now the counter-terrorist knows the number N. They want to know the final points of the power. Can you help them?

Input
The first line of input consists of an integer T (1 <= T <= 10000), indicating the number of test cases. For each test case, there will be an integer N (1 <= N <= 2^63-1) as the description.
The input terminates by end of file marker.

Output
For each test case, output an integer indicating the final points of the power.

Sample Input
3
1
50
500

Sample Output
0
1
15

Hint
From 1 to 500, the numbers that include the sub-sequence "49" are "49","149","249","349","449","490","491","492","493","494","495","496","497","498","499",so the answer is 15.

参考代码:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

long long n, dp[20][2];
int digit[20];

long long dfs(int pos, bool if4, bool limit)
{
    if (pos == 0)
        return 1;
    if (!limit && dp[pos][if4])
        return dp[pos][if4];
    long long cnt = 0;
    int maxx = limit ? digit[pos] : 9;
    for (int i = 0; i <= maxx; i++)
    {
        if (if4 && i == 9)
            continue;
        cnt += dfs(pos - 1, i == 4, limit && i == maxx);
    }
    return limit ? cnt : dp[pos][if4] = cnt;
}

long long solve(long long x)
{
    memset(digit, 0, sizeof(digit));
    int pos = 0;
    while (x)
    {
        digit[++pos] = x % 10;
        x /= 10;
    }
    return dfs(pos, false, true);
}

int main()
{
    int t;
    scanf("%d", &t);
    while (t--)
    {
        scanf("%lld", &n);
        printf("%lld
", n + 1 - solve(n));
    }
    return 0;
}

例题2:
HDU 3652 B-number

Problem Description
A wqb-number, or B-number for short, is a non-negative integer whose decimal form contains the sub- string "13" and can be divided by 13. For example, 130 and 2613 are wqb-numbers, but 143 and 2639 are not. Your task is to calculate how many wqb-numbers from 1 to n for a given integer n.

Input
Process till EOF. In each line, there is one positive integer n(1 <= n <= 1000000000).

Output
Print each answer in a single line.

Sample Input
13
100
200
1000

Sample Output
1
1
2
2

参考代码:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

long long n, dp[20][3][15];
/*dp[i][j][k]
i:数位
j:3种操作状况:0:末尾不是1;1:末尾是1;2:含有13
k:余数*/
int digit[20];

long long dfs(int pos, int pre, int mod, bool limit)
{
    if (pos <= 0)
        return pre == 2 && mod == 0;
    if (!limit && dp[pos][pre][mod] != -1)
        return dp[pos][pre][mod];
    long long cnt = 0;
    int maxx = limit ? digit[pos] : 9;
    for (int i = 0; i <= maxx; i++)
    {
        if (pre == 2 || (pre == 1 && i == 3))
            cnt += dfs(pos - 1, 2, (mod * 10 + i) % 13, limit && i == maxx);
        else if (i == 1)
            cnt += dfs(pos - 1, 1, (mod * 10 + i) % 13, limit && i == maxx);
        else
            cnt += dfs(pos - 1, 0, (mod * 10 + i) % 13, limit && i == maxx);
        /*(mod * 10 + i) % 13这一步就是模拟除法过程,看能否整除13*/
        /*根据pre判断三种操作状况,如果这一位是1,则把pre标为1,如果pre是2或者上一位是1且这一位是3,则把pre标为2,如果都不是,则把pre标为0*/
        /*pre=2表示这个数位里包含了13,pre=1表示这个数位没包含13但是上一位是1,pre=0表示这个数位既不包含13,上一位也不是1*/
    }
    return limit ? cnt : dp[pos][pre][mod] = cnt;
}

long long solve(long long x)
{
    memset(digit, 0, sizeof(digit));
    int pos = 0;
    while (x)
    {
        digit[++pos] = x % 10;
        x /= 10;
    }
    return dfs(pos, 0, 0, 1);
}

int main()
{
    while (~scanf("%lld", &n))
    {
        memset(dp, -1, sizeof(dp));
        printf("%lld
", solve(n));
    }
    return 0;
}
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/red-leaves/p/10804636.html