Java并发之ReentrantLock详解

    一、入题

        ReentrantLock是Java并发包中互斥锁,它有公平锁和非公平锁两种实现方式,以lock()为例,其使用方式为:

 
ReentrantLock takeLock = new ReentrantLock();  
  
// 获取锁  
takeLock.lock();  
  
try {  
    
  // 业务逻辑  
    
} finally {  
  // 释放锁  
  takeLock.unlock();  
}  

  

         那么,ReentrantLock内部是如何实现锁的呢?接下来我们就以JDK1.7中的ReentrantLock的lock()为例详细研究下。

        二、ReentrantLock类的结构

        ReentrantLock类实现了Lock和java.io.Serializable接口,其内部有一个实现锁功能的关键成员变量Sync类型的sync,定义如下:

  

/** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */  
private final Sync sync;  

  

        而这个Sync是继承了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的内部抽象类,主要由它负责实现锁的功能。关于AbstractQueuedSynchronizer我们会在以后详细介绍,你只要知道它内部存在一个获取锁的等待队列及其互斥锁状态下的int状态位(0当前没有线程持有该锁、n存在某线程重入锁n次)即可,该状态位也可用于其它诸如共享锁、信号量等功能。
        Sync在ReentrantLock中有两种实现类:NonfairSync、FairSync,正好对应了ReentrantLock的非公平锁、公平锁两大类型。

        

        三、获取锁主体流程

        ReentrantLock的锁功能主要是通过继承了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的内部类Sync来实现的,其lock()获取锁的主要流程如下:

        

        首先,ReentrantLock的lock()方法会调用其内部成员变量sync的lock()方法;

        其次,sync的非公平锁NonfairSync或公平锁FairSync实现了父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的lock()方法,其会调用acquire()方法;

        然后,acquire()方法则在sync父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer中实现,它只有一段代码:

 
public final void acquire(int arg) {  
    if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&  
        acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))  
        selfInterrupt();  
}  

  

      通过tryAcquire()方法试图获取锁,获取到直接返回结果,否则通过嵌套调用acquireQueued()、addWaiter()方法将请求获取锁的线程加入等待队列,如果成功的话,将当前请求线程阻塞,and,over!

         队列如何实现及如何添加到队列中以后再做详细分析!这里只关注ReentrantLock的实现逻辑。

        上述就是公平锁、非公平锁实现获取锁的主要流程,而针对每种锁来说,其实现方式有很大差别,主要就体现在各自实现类的lock()和tryAcquire()方法中。在sync的抽象类Sync及其抽象父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer中,lock()方法和tryAcquire()方法被定义为抽象方法或者未实现,而是由具体子类去实现:

 
/** 
 * Performs {@link Lock#lock}. The main reason for subclassing 
 * is to allow fast path for nonfair version. 
 */  
abstract void lock();  

  

  

/** 
     * Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query 
     * if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the 
     * exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it. 
     * 
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing 
     * acquire.  If this method reports failure, the acquire method 
     * may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is 
     * signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used 
     * to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}. 
     * 
     * <p>The default 
     * implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}. 
     * 
     * @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one 
     *        passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry 
     *        to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise uninterpreted 
     *        and can represent anything you like. 
     * @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has 
     *         been acquired. 
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this 
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be 
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work 
     *         correctly. 
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported 
     */  
    protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {  
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();  
    }  

  

        下面,我们分别研究下非公平锁和公平锁的实现。

        四、非公平锁NonfairSync

        1、lock()方法

 
/** 
 * Performs lock.  Try immediate barge, backing up to normal 
 * acquire on failure. 
 */  
final void lock() {  
    if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))  
        setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());  
    else  
        acquire(1);  
}  

  

        通过代码可以看到,非公平锁上来就无视等待队列的存在而抢占锁,通过基于CAS操作的compareAndSetState(0, 1)方法,试图修改当前锁的状态,这个0表示AbstractQueuedSynchronizer内部的一种状态,针对互斥锁则是尚未有线程持有该锁,而>=1则表示存在线程持有该锁,并重入对应次数,这个上来就CAS的操作也是非公共锁的一种体现,CAS操作成功的话,则将当前线程设置为该锁的唯一拥有者。

        抢占不成功的话,则调用父类的acquire()方法,按照上面讲的,继而会调用tryAcquire()方法,这个方法也是由最终实现类NonfairSync实现的,如下:

 
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {  
    return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);  
}  

        2、tryAcquire()

        而这个nonfairTryAcquire()方法实现如下:

/** 
 * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is 
 * implemented in subclasses, but both need nonfair 
 * try for trylock method. 
 */  
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {  
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();  
    int c = getState();  
    if (c == 0) {  
        if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {  
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);  
            return true;  
        }  
    }  
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {  
        int nextc = c + acquires;  
        if (nextc < 0) // overflow  
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");  
        setState(nextc);  
        return true;  
    }  
    return false;  
}  

        还是上来先判断锁的状态,通过CAS来抢占,抢占成功,直接返回true,如果锁的持有者线程为当前线程的话,则通过累加状态标识重入次数。抢占不成功,或者锁的本身持有者不是当前线程,则返回false,继而后续通过进入等待队列的方式排队获取锁。可以通过以下简单的图来理解:

        

        五、公平锁FairSync

        1、lock()

        公平锁的lock()方法就比较简单了,直接调用acquire()方法,如下:

 
final void lock() {  
    acquire(1);  
}  

  

        2、tryAcquire()

        公平锁的tryAcquire()方法也相对较简单,如下:

/** 
 * Fair version of tryAcquire.  Don't grant access unless 
 * recursive call or no waiters or is first. 
 */  
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {  
    final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();  
    int c = getState();  
    if (c == 0) {  
        if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&  
            compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {  
            setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);  
            return true;  
        }  
    }  
    else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {  
        int nextc = c + acquires;  
        if (nextc < 0)  
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");  
        setState(nextc);  
        return true;  
    }  
    return false;  
}  

  

        当前线程会在得到当前锁状态为0,即没有线程持有该锁,并且通过!hasQueuedPredecessors()判断当前等待队列没有前继线程(也就是说,没有比我优先级更高的线程在请求锁了)获取锁的情况下,通过CAS抢占锁,并设置自己为锁的当前拥有者,当然,如果是重入的话,和非公平锁处理一样,通过累加状态位标记重入次数。

        而一旦等待队列中有等待者,或当前线程抢占锁失败,则它会乖乖的进入等待队列排队等待。公平锁的实现大致如下:

         

        六、默认实现

        ReentrantLock的默认实现为非公平锁,如下:

/** 
 * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}. 
 * This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}. 
 */  
public ReentrantLock() {  
    sync = new NonfairSync();  
}  

  

        当然,你也可以通过另外一个构造方法指定锁的实现方式,如下:

 
/** 
 * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the 
 * given fairness policy. 
 * 
 * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy 
 */  
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {  
    sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();  
}  

  

        七、其它
        即便是公平锁,如果通过不带超时时间限制的tryLock()的方式获取锁的话,它也是不公平的,因为其内部调用的是sync.nonfairTryAcquire()方法,无论抢到与否,都会同步返回。如下:

 
public boolean tryLock() {  
    return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);  
}  

  

        但是带有超时时间限制的tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)方法则不一样,还是会遵循公平或非公平的原则的,如下:

public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)  
        throws InterruptedException {  
    return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));  
}  

  

        其它流程都比较简单,读者可自行翻阅Java源码查看!

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zqyanywn/p/8663394.html