Python各式装饰器

Python装饰器,分两部分,一是装饰器本身的定义,一是被装饰器对象的定义。

一、函数式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个函数。

1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数

[1]装饰器无参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> def test(func):
 2     def _test():
 3         print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
 4         return func()
 5     return _test
 6 
 7 >>> @test
 8 def say():return 'hello world'
 9 
10 >>> say()
11 Call the function say().
12 'hello world'
13 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> def test(func):
 2     def _test(*args,**kw):
 3         print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
 4         return func(*args,**kw)
 5     return _test
 6 
 7 >>> @test
 8 def left(Str,Len):
 9     #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
10     return Str[:Len]
11 
12 >>> left('hello world',5)
13 Call the function left().
14 'hello'
15 >>> 

 [2]装饰器有参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> def test(printResult=False):
 2     def _test(func):
 3         def __test():
 4             print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
 5             if printResult:
 6                 print func()
 7             else:
 8                 return func()
 9         return __test
10     return _test
11 
12 >>> @test(True)
13 def say():return 'hello world'
14 
15 >>> say()
16 Call the function say().
17 hello world
18 >>> @test(False)
19 def say():return 'hello world'
20 
21 >>> say()
22 Call the function say().
23 'hello world'
24 >>> @test()
25 def say():return 'hello world'
26 
27 >>> say()
28 Call the function say().
29 'hello world'
30 >>> @test
31 def say():return 'hello world'
32 
33 >>> say()
34 
35 Traceback (most recent call last):
36   File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
37     say()
38 TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
39 >>> 

 由上面这段代码中的最后两个例子可知:当装饰器有参数时,即使你启用装饰器的默认参数,不另外传递新值进去,也必须有一对括号,否则编译器会直接将func传递给test(),而不是传递给_test()

b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> def test(printResult=False):
 2     def _test(func):
 3         def __test(*args,**kw):
 4             print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
 5             if printResult:
 6                 print func(*args,**kw)
 7             else:
 8                 return func(*args,**kw)
 9         return __test
10     return _test
11 
12 >>> @test()
13 def left(Str,Len):
14     #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
15     return Str[:Len]
16 
17 >>> left('hello world',5)
18 Call the function left().
19 'hello'
20 >>> @test(True)
21 def left(Str,Len):
22     #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
23     return Str[:Len]
24 
25 >>> left('hello world',5)
26 Call the function left().
27 hello
28 >>> 

2.装饰类:被装饰的对象是一个类

[1]装饰器无参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> def test(cls):
 2     def _test():
 3         clsName=re.findall('(w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
 4         print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
 5         return cls()
 6     return _test
 7 
 8 >>> @test
 9 class sy(object):
10     value=32
11 
12     
13 >>> s=sy()
14 Call sy.__init().
15 >>> s
16 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
17 >>> s.value
18 32
19 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> def test(cls):
 2     def _test(*args,**kw):
 3         clsName=re.findall('(w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
 4         print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
 5         return cls(*args,**kw)
 6     return _test
 7 
 8 >>> @test
 9 class sy(object):
10     def __init__(self,value):
11                 #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
12         self.value=value
13 
14         
15 >>> s=sy('hello world')
16 Call sy.__init().
17 >>> s
18 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
19 >>> s.value
20 'hello world'
21 >>> 

 [2]装饰器有参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> def test(printValue=True):
 2     def _test(cls):
 3         def __test():
 4             clsName=re.findall('(w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
 5             print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
 6             obj=cls()
 7             if printValue:
 8                 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
 9             return obj
10         return __test
11     return _test
12 
13 >>> @test()
14 class sy(object):
15     def __init__(self):
16         self.value=32
17 
18         
19 >>> s=sy()
20 Call sy.__init().
21 value = 32
22 >>> @test(False)
23 class sy(object):
24     def __init__(self):
25         self.value=32
26 
27         
28 >>> s=sy()
29 Call sy.__init().
30 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> def test(printValue=True):
 2     def _test(cls):
 3         def __test(*args,**kw):
 4             clsName=re.findall('(w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
 5             print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
 6             obj=cls(*args,**kw)
 7             if printValue:
 8                 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
 9             return obj
10         return __test
11     return _test
12 
13 >>> @test()
14 class sy(object):
15     def __init__(self,value):
16         self.value=value
17 
18         
19 >>> s=sy('hello world')
20 Call sy.__init().
21 value = 'hello world'
22 >>> @test(False)
23 class sy(object):
24     def __init__(self,value):
25         self.value=value
26 
27         
28 >>> s=sy('hello world')
29 Call sy.__init().
30 >>> 

 二、类式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个类,借用__init__()和__call__()来实现职能

1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数

[1]装饰器无参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,func):
 3         self._func=func
 4     def __call__(self):
 5         return self._func()
 6 
 7     
 8 >>> @test
 9 def say():
10     return 'hello world'
11 
12 >>> say()
13 'hello world'
14 >>> 

b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,func):
 3         self._func=func
 4     def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
 5         return self._func(*args,**kw)
 6 
 7     
 8 >>> @test
 9 def left(Str,Len):
10     #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
11     return Str[:Len]
12 
13 >>> left('hello world',5)
14 'hello'
15 >>> 

 [2]装饰器有参数

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
 3         self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
 4     def __call__(self,func):
 5         def _call():
 6             print self.beforeInfo
 7             return func()
 8         return _call
 9 
10     
11 >>> @test()
12 def say():
13     return 'hello world'
14 
15 >>> say()
16 Call function
17 'hello world'
18 >>> 

 或者:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
 3         self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
 4     def __call__(self,func):
 5         self._func=func
 6         return self._call
 7     def _call(self):
 8         print self.beforeInfo
 9         return self._func()
10 
11     
12 >>> @test()
13 def say():
14     return 'hello world'
15 
16 >>> say()
17 Call function
18 'hello world'
19 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
 3         self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
 4     def __call__(self,func):
 5         def _call(*args,**kw):
 6             print self.beforeInfo
 7             return func(*args,**kw)
 8         return _call
 9 
10     
11 >>> @test()
12 def left(Str,Len):
13     #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
14     return Str[:Len]
15 
16 >>> left('hello world',5)
17 Call function
18 'hello'
19 >>> 

 或者:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
 3         self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
 4     def __call__(self,func):
 5         self._func=func
 6         return self._call
 7     def _call(self,*args,**kw):
 8         print self.beforeInfo
 9         return self._func(*args,**kw)
10 
11     
12 >>> @test()
13 def left(Str,Len):
14     #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
15     return Str[:Len]
16 
17 >>> left('hello world',5)
18 Call function
19 'hello'
20 >>> 

 2.装饰类:被装饰对象是一个类

[1]装饰器无参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,cls):
 3         self._cls=cls
 4     def __call__(self):
 5         return self._cls()
 6 
 7     
 8 >>> @test
 9 class sy(object):
10     def __init__(self):
11         self.value=32
12 
13     
14 >>> s=sy()
15 >>> s
16 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
17 >>> s.value
18 32
19 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,cls):
 3         self._cls=cls
 4     def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
 5         return self._cls(*args,**kw)
 6 
 7     
 8 >>> @test
 9 class sy(object):
10     def __init__(self,value):
11         #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
12         self.value=value
13 
14         
15 >>> s=sy('hello world')
16 >>> s
17 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
18 >>> s.value
19 'hello world'
20 >>> 

 [2]装饰器有参数:

a.被装饰对象无参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,printValue=False):
 3         self._printValue=printValue
 4     def __call__(self,cls):
 5         def _call():
 6             obj=cls()
 7             if self._printValue:
 8                 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
 9             return obj
10         return _call
11 
12     
13 >>> @test(True)
14 class sy(object):
15     def __init__(self):
16         self.value=32
17 
18         
19 >>> s=sy()
20 value = 32
21 >>> s
22 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
23 >>> s.value
24 32
25 >>> 

 b.被装饰对象有参数:

 1 >>> class test(object):
 2     def __init__(self,printValue=False):
 3         self._printValue=printValue
 4     def __call__(self,cls):
 5         def _call(*args,**kw):
 6             obj=cls(*args,**kw)
 7             if self._printValue:
 8                 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
 9             return obj
10         return _call
11 
12     
13 >>> @test(True)
14 class sy(object):
15     def __init__(self,value):
16         #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
17         self.value=value
18 
19         
20 >>> s=sy('hello world')
21 value = 'hello world'
22 >>> s
23 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
24 >>> s.value
25 'hello world'
26 >>> 

 总结:【1】@decorator后面不带括号时(也即装饰器无参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);

          【2】@decorator后面带括号时(也即装饰器有参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);

          【3】如上将func或cls重新赋值后,此时的func或cls也不再是原来定义时的func或cls,而是一个可执行体,你只需要传入参数就可调用,func(args)=>返回值或者输出,cls(args)=>object of cls;

           【4】最后通过赋值返回的执行体是多样的,可以是闭包,也可以是外部函数;当被装饰的是一个类时,还可以是类内部方法,函数;

           【5】另外要想真正了解装饰器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,func.func_argcount,通过它们你可以以func的定义之外,还原func的参数列表,详见Python多重装饰器中的最后一个例子中的ArgsType;另外关键字参数是因为调用而出现的,而不是因为func的定义,func的定义中的用等号连接的只是有默认值的参数,它们并不一定会成为关键字参数,因为你仍然可以按照位置来传递它们。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/nutix/p/4413413.html