1、磁盘分区工具与挂载
1.1 硬盘分区符认识：
MBR概述：全称为Master Boot Record，即硬盘的主引导记录。
硬盘的0柱面、0磁头、1扇区称为主引导扇区（也叫主引导记录MBR）。它由3个本分组成：主引导程序、硬盘分区表DPT（Disk Partition Table）和分区有效标志（55AA）。在总共512字节的主引导扇区里主引导程序（boot loader）占446个字节，第二部分是Partition table（分区表），即DPT，占64个字节，硬盘中分区有多少以及每一分区的大小都记录在其中。第三部分是magic number，占两个自己，固定为55AA。
分区编号：
- 主分区：1-4
- 逻辑分区：从5开始
一个硬盘最多能有4个主分区一个扩展分区，一般组成为：4个主分区或者3个主分区和一个扩展分区。
linux规定，逻辑分区必须建立在扩展分区之上，不能在主分区之上
分区作用：
- 主分区：主要是用来启动操作系统，它主要存放的是操作系统的启动或引导程序，/boot分区最好放在主分区上
- 扩展分区：扩展分区不能直接使用，它只是作为逻辑分区的容器存在。我们真正存放数据的是主分区和逻辑分区，一般大量的数据都放在逻辑分区
GPT的分区方式，不限制主分区个数
注意：使用分区工具fdisk对磁盘进行操作，分区，格式化
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
说明：
/dev/sda1
- /dev:设备文件的目录
- sd:scsi硬盘
- a:【a-z】从a开始，sda表示第一块scsi硬盘，第二块为sdb，依次类推
- 1：分区编号，表示第一块scsi硬盘上的第一个分区。
1.2 使用fdisk管理分区
fdisk：磁盘分区，是linux发行版本中最常用的分区工具
用法：fdisk 【选项】 device
常用选项： -l 查看硬盘分区表
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# fdisk -l Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 1.1 TiB, 1200243695616 bytes, 2344225968 sectors Disk model: INTEL SSDPEDMW012T4 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 0D06E540-74D5-4D4A-A8F6-08607A885465 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/nvme0n1p1 34 2047 2014 1007K BIOS boot /dev/nvme0n1p2 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System /dev/nvme0n1p3 1050624 2344225934 2343175311 1.1T Linux LVM Disk /dev/sda: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0005df83 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 2048 3907029167 3907027120 1.8T 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000d93ca Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdb1 2048 3907029167 3907027120 1.8T 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000ceb56 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdc1 2048 3907029167 3907027120 1.8T 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdd: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0001f79f Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdd1 2048 3907029167 3907027120 1.8T 83 Linux Disk /dev/sde: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 404A301C-47FD-453D-A3E8-70247ED1C2C2 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sde1 2048 2147485695 2147483648 1T Linux filesystem Disk /dev/mapper/pve-swap: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/pve-root: 1.2 TiB, 1288490188800 bytes, 2516582400 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes root@pve107:/dev/mapper# 示例： 磁盘 /dev/sda：42.9 GB, 42949672960 字节，83886080 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型：dos 磁盘标识符：0x000033f0 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 *2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 20992008388607940893440 8e Linux LVM
fdisk常用的参数：
root@pve107:/dev/pve# fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD20EZRZ-00Z Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000d93ca Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdb1 2048 3907029167 3907027120 1.8T 83 Linux Command (m for help): q root@pve107:/dev/pve# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sde1 mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018) Creating filesystem with 268435456 4k blocks and 67108864 inodes Filesystem UUID: 20609837-8e11-45d8-bf55-44d6767666d3 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (262144 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done root@pve107:/dev/pve# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018) /dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system created on Wed Jan 13 13:44:58 2021 Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 488378390 4k blocks and 122101760 inodes Filesystem UUID: 0f986223-f255-4108-9d98-1e2d1440b106 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (262144 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 说明： 更改将停留在内存中，直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。 使用写入命令前请三思。 Device does not contain a recognized partition table 使用磁盘标识符 0x4cf6a6ac 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。 命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：m 命令操作 a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition ##删除分区 g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types ##显示分区 m print this menu ##打印帮助菜单 n add a new partition ##添加新的分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table ##显示分区表 q quit without saving changes ##退出不保存 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id ##改变分区类型 u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit ##写分区信息到硬盘，保存操作并退出 x extra functionality (experts only)
1.3 使用fdisk添加一个新的分区
fdisk /dev/sda 命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：p ##列出当前磁盘的分区信息 磁盘 /dev/sda：42.9 GB, 42949672960 字节，83886080 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理)：512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳)：512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型：dos 磁盘标识符：0x000033f0 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 *2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 20992008388607940893440 8e Linux LVM 命令(输入 m 获取帮助)：n ##新建一个分区 Partition type: p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)p:主分区 e extended e:扩展分区 Select (default p): --直接默认 Using default response p Partition number (1,4, default 3): ---直接默认 First sector (1230848-41943039, default 1230848): ---直接默认 Using default value 1230848 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1230848-41943039, default 41943039): +1G 输入分区大小 Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): w 保存退出
2）让新划分的分区生效
注意：对已经在使用的磁盘进行分区后，要让新分区生效，可以使用：
partx -a /dev/sde /dev/sde1
#这里我操作的时候一直报错，直接跳到 格式化也是可以的
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# parted /dev/sde 直接使用这个即可
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sde
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted)
(parted) m
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt)
alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on
COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition
table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table,
available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular
partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START
and END
resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected
device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition
NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and
copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) q
最好的办法是进行设备重启。
init 6
3）格式化新分区
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
/dev/sdb1 contains a LVM2_member file system
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 488378390 4k blocks and 122101760 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 1fa50970-eab3-4cfb-bd73-033c27bc1972
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda1
mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
/dev/sda1 contains a LVM2_member file system
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 488378390 4k blocks and 122101760 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 42f79bc5-57b7-47c2-8ce2-d12a628e1cd7
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sde1
mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
/dev/sde1 contains a LVM2_member file system
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 268435456 4k blocks and 67108864 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 25149c8e-a6c8-4063-af18-de79b63c0805
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
#注意格式化类型可以根据自己需要进行选择
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# pvscan PV /dev/nvme0n1p3 VG pve lvm2 [1.09 TiB / 15.99 GiB free] PV /dev/sda1 lvm2 [<1.82 TiB] Total: 2 [2.91 TiB] / in use: 1 [1.09 TiB] / in no VG: 1 [<1.82 TiB] root@pve107:/dev/mapper# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree pve 1 3 0 wz--n- 1.09t 15.99g
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/pve/swap' [8.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/pve/root' [96.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/pve/data' [977.36 GiB] inherit root@pve107:/dev/mapper# pvcreate /dev/sde1 WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/sde1 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/sde1. Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created. root@pve107:/dev/mapper# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/sdb1 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/sdb1. Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created. root@pve107:/dev/mapper# pvscan PV /dev/nvme0n1p3 VG pve lvm2 [1.09 TiB / 15.99 GiB free] PV /dev/sda1 lvm2 [<1.82 TiB] PV /dev/sdb1 lvm2 [<1.82 TiB] PV /dev/sde1 lvm2 [1.00 TiB] Total: 4 [<5.73 TiB] / in use: 1 [1.09 TiB] / in no VG: 3 [<4.64 TiB]
创建lv
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# vgcreate kycx-pve /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sde1 /etc/lvm/archive/.lvm_pve107_21541_1693306552: write error failed: No space left on device
vgextend pve /dev/sda1
/etc/lvm/archive/.lvm_pve107_23845_1665177330: write error failed: No space left on device
这里提示空间不足
查看空间
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 63G 0 63G 0% /dev tmpfs 13G 1.3G 12G 11% /run /dev/mapper/pve-root 94G 94G 0 100% / tmpfs 63G 37M 63G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/nvme0n1p2 511M 312K 511M 1% /boot/efi /dev/fuse 30M 16K 30M 1% /etc/pve tmpfs 13G 0 13G 0% /run/user/0
发现
/dev/mapper/pve-root 使用率100%
使用下面的命令进行扩展
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# lvresize -A n -L +100G /dev/pve/root #扩展 Insufficient free space: 25600 extents needed, but only 4094 available root@pve107:/dev/mapper# resize2fs -p /dev/pve/root #更新 resize2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018) The filesystem is already 25165824 (4k) blocks long. Nothing to do!
根据上面提示蒋剩余空间分配扩展
lvresize -A n -L +4G /dev/pve/root
Size of logical volume pve/root changed from 96.00 GiB (24576 extents) to 100.00 GiB (25600 extents).
WARNING: This metadata update is NOT backed up.
Logical volume pve/root successfully resized.
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# resize2fs -p /dev/pve/root
resize2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/pve/root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 12, new_desc_blocks = 13
The filesystem on /dev/pve/root is now 26214400 (4k) blocks long.
再次查看空间
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 63G 0 63G 0% /dev tmpfs 13G 1.4G 12G 11% /run /dev/mapper/pve-root 98G 94G 0 100% / tmpfs 63G 37M 63G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/nvme0n1p2 511M 312K 511M 1% /boot/efi /dev/fuse 30M 16K 30M 1% /etc/pve tmpfs 13G 0 13G 0% /run/user/0
root@pve107:/dev/mapper# vgextend pve /dev/sda1 Volume group "pve" successfully extended root@pve107:/dev/mapper# vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name pve System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 9 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 3 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 2.91 TiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 762962 Alloc PE / Size 282961 / <1.08 TiB Free PE / Size 480001 / 1.83 TiB VG UUID xh2x4j-B6OA-4HoT-WbfG-Y3yk-yd4r-XNEWsu root@pve107:/dev/mapper# lvextend -L +1000G /dev/pve/root Size of logical volume pve/root changed from 100.00 GiB (25600 extents) to 1.07 TiB (281600 extents). Logical volume pve/root successfully resized. root@pve107:/dev/mapper# vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name pve System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 10 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 3 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 2.91 TiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 762962 Alloc PE / Size 538961 / <2.06 TiB Free PE / Size 224001 / 875.00 GiB VG UUID xh2x4j-B6OA-4HoT-WbfG-Y3yk-yd4r-XNEWsu root@pve107:/dev/mapper# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 63G 0 63G 0% /dev tmpfs 13G 1.4G 12G 11% /run /dev/mapper/pve-root 98G 94G 0 100% / tmpfs 63G 40M 63G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/nvme0n1p2 511M 312K 511M 1% /boot/efi /dev/fuse 30M 16K 30M 1% /etc/pve tmpfs 13G 0 13G 0% /run/user/0 root@pve107:/dev/mapper# lvresize -A n -L +1000G /dev/pve/root Insufficient free space: 256000 extents needed, but only 224001 available root@pve107:/dev/mapper# lvresize -A n -L +100G /dev/pve/root Size of logical volume pve/root changed from 1.07 TiB (281600 extents) to 1.17 TiB (307200 extents). WARNING: This metadata update is NOT backed up. Logical volume pve/root successfully resized. root@pve107:/dev/mapper# resize2fs -p /dev/pve/root resize2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018) Filesystem at /dev/pve/root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 13, new_desc_blocks = 150 The filesystem on /dev/pve/root is now 314572800 (4k) blocks long. root@pve107:/dev/mapper# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 63G 0 63G 0% /dev tmpfs 13G 1.4G 12G 11% /run /dev/mapper/pve-root 1.2T 94G 1.1T 9% / tmpfs 63G 43M 63G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 63G 0 63G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/nvme0n1p2 511M 312K 511M 1% /boot/efi /dev/fuse 30M 16K 30M 1% /etc/pve tmpfs 13G 0 13G 0% /run/user/0
至此磁盘扩展完成