【Oracle】常用的SQL语句

抄自:https://www.cnblogs.com/qiu18359243869/p/9474515.html

提示:dual是一个虚拟表,用来构成select的语法规则,oracle保证dual里面永远只有一条记录。

一、基本操作

--新建表:
create table table1( id varchar(300) primary key, name varchar(200) not null);

--插入数据   
insert into table1 (id,name) values ('aa','bb');
 
--更新数据   
update table1 set id = 'bb' where id='cc';
 
--删除数据   
delete from table1 where id ='cc';

--清空表数据
--是DDL操作,不产生rollback,速度快,delete操作在删除大数据量时会很慢
truncate table table1;
 
--删除表    
drop table table1;

--修改表名: 
alter table table1 rename to table2;

--添加新字段
--alter table 表名 add(字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);
alter table user add(age number(6));
alter table user add (course varchar2(30) default '' not null);

--修改字段
--alter table 表名 modify (字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);
alter table user modify((age number(8));

--修改字段名
--alter table 表名 rename  column  列名 to 新列名;
alter table user rename column course to newcourse;

-- 删除字段
--alter table 表名 drop column 字段名;
alter table user drop column course;
 
--表数据复制:
insert into table1 (select * from table2);
 
--复制表结构: 
create table table1 select * from table2 where 1>1;
 
--复制表结构和数据:
create table table1 select * from table2;
 
--复制指定字段: 
create table table1 as select id, name from table2 where 1>1;

--条件查询: 
select id,name (case gender when 0 then '' when 1 then ‘女’ end  ) gender from  table1
--添加主键
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD CONSTRAINT PK_NAME PRIMARY KEY(COLUMN_NAME);

--添加外键
--有三种形式的外键约束:
--1.普通外键约束(如果存在子表引用父表主键,则无法删除父表记录)
--2.级联外键约束(可删除存在引用的父表记录,而且同时把所有有引用的子表记录也删除)
--3.置空外键约束(可删除存在引用的父表记录,同时将子表中引用该父表主键的外键字段自动设为NULL,但该字段应允许空值)

--普通外键
ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID);
--级联外键
ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID) ON DELETE CASCADE;
--置空外键
ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID) ON DELETE SET NULL;

--删除主键/外键
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME DROP CONSTRAINT PK_NAME ;

--创建序列
create sequence sequence_name
minvalue 1   --最小值
nomaxvalue   --不设置最大值(由机器决定),或 根据表字段的值范围设置 maxvalue
maxvalue 999   -- 最大值
start with 1    --从1开始计数,数值可变
increment by 1   --每次加1,数值可变
nocycle   --一直累加,不循环;cycle:达到最大值后,将从头开始累加
nocache;   --不建缓冲区。   如果建立cache那么系统将自动读取cache值个seq,这样会加快运行速度;如果在单机中使用cache,或者oracle死了,那么下次读取的seq值将不连贯,所以不建议使用cache。

--修改序列
alter sequence sequence_name-- 序列名 也可以更改
minvalue 1   
maxvalue 99999999  
start with 10   
increment by 1  
cycle    -- 到10000后,从头开始
nocache;

--删除序列
drop sequence sequence_name

--查询数据库的所有序列
select * from all_sequences;

--查询序列的下一个值
SELECT  SEQ_NAME.NEXTVAL FROM dual;

--修改序列的下个值
----X为正数负数都可以
alter sequence SEQ_NAME increment BY X;    

--重新将序列的值的增长值设为1
alter sequence SEQ_NAME increment BY 1;

--创建索引
create index 索引名 on 表名(列名1,列名2,......);

--删除索引
drop index 索引名;

--在数据库中查找表名
select * from user_tables where  table_name like 'tablename%';

--查看表的所有索引
select * from all_indexes where table_name = 'tablename';

--查看表的所有索引列
select* from all_ind_columns where table_name = 'tablename';

二、数学函数

--绝对值:abs()
   select abs(-2) value from dual;          --(2)

--取整函数(大):ceil()
   select ceil(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-2)

--取整函数(小):floor()
   select floor(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-3)

--取整函数(截取):trunc()
   select trunc(-2.001) value from dual;       -- (-2)

--四舍五入:round()
   select round(1.234564,4) value from dual;       --(1.2346)

--取平方:Power(m,n)
   select power(4,2) value from dual;       --(16)

--取平方根:SQRT()
   select sqrt(16) value from dual;       --(4)

--取随机数:dbms_random(minvalue,maxvalue)
   select dbms_random.value() from dual;  (默认是0到1之间)
 select dbms_random.value(2,4) value from dual;  (2-4之间随机数)

--取符号:Sign()
  select sign(-3) value from dual; --(-1)
  select sign(3) value from dual; --(1)

--取集合的最大值:greatest(value)
   select greatest(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(9)

--取集合的最小值:least(value)
   select least(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(-1)

--处理Null值:nvl(空值,代替值)
   select  nvl(null,10) value from dual;       --(10)
  
   select nvl(score,10) score from student;

三、rownum相关

--rownum小于某个数时可以直接作为查询条件(注意oracle不支持select top)
select * from student where rownum <3;

--查询rownum大于某个数值,需要使用子查询,并且rownum需要有别名
select * from(select rownum rn ,id,name from student) where rn>2;
select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3;

--区间查询
select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3 and rn<6;

--排序+前n条
select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRUVER d order  by drivernumber)t )p where p.rn<10;

--排序+区间查询1
select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<9 and p.rn>6;

--排序+区间查询2
select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<9 )p where p.rn>6;--效率远高于方式一

四、分页查询

假设每页显示10条

1. 不包含排序

--效率低

select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;

select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;

--效率高 

select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;

2. 包含排序

--排序+区间查询1(效率低)

select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;

select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;

--排序+区间查询2(效率高) 

select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;

五、时间处理

1. to_char和to_date基本使用

--日期
--年 yyyy yyy yy year
--月 month mm mon month
--日+星期  dd ddd(一年中第几天) dy day 
--小时  hh hh24 
--分 mi
--秒 ss
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime, 
       to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') year,
       to_char(sysdate,'mm') month,
       to_char(sysdate,'dd') day,
       to_char(sysdate,'day') week,
       to_char(sysdate,'hh24')hour,
       to_char(sysdate,'mi') minute,
       to_char(sysdate,'ss') second
from dual;
select to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'yyyy')year,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mm')month,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'dd') day,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day') week,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=American') week, --设置语言
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'hh24')hour,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mi') minute,
       to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'ss') second
from dual;

2. months_between

select months_between(to_date('03-31-2014','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-2013','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS"
 FROM DUAL;   

3. next_day

select sysdate today, next_day(sysdate,6) nextweek from dual;

4. 时间区间

-- borrow 为具体的表名
select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')  between 
to_date('2014-02-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') and 
to_date('2014-05-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'); 

5. interval

select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') currenttime,
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' year,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalyear,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' month,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMonth,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' day,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalday,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' hour,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalHour,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' minute,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMinute,   
       to_char(sysdate - interval '7' second,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalSecond  
  from dual;

6. add_months

select add_months(sysdate,12) newtime from dual;

7. extract

select extract(month from sysdate) "This Month",
extract(year from add_months(sysdate,36)) " Years" from dual; 

六、字符函数

--字符函数
select substr('abcdefg',1,5)substr,                     --字符串截取
       instr('abcdefg','bc') instr,                     --查找子串
       
       'Hello'||'World' concat,                         --连接
       
       trim('  wish  ') trim,                           --去前后空格
       rtrim('wish  ') rtrim,                           --去后面空格
       ltrim('  wish') ltrim,                           --去前面空格
       
       trim(leading 'w' from 'wish') deleteprefix,      --去前缀
       trim(trailing 'h' from 'wish') deletetrailing,   --去后缀
       trim('w' from 'wish') trim1,
       
       ascii('A') A1, 
       ascii('a') A2,                                   --ascii(转换为对应的十进制数)
       chr(65) C1, 
       chr(97) C2,                                      --chr(十进制转对应字符)
       
       length('abcdefg') len,                           --length 
       
       lower('WISH')lower, 
       upper('wish')upper, 
       initcap('wish')initcap,                            --大小写变换
       
       replace('wish1','1','youhappy') replace,           --替换
       
       translate('wish1','1','y')translate,               --转换,对应一位(前面的位数大于等于后面的位数)
       translate('wish1','sh1','hy')translate1,
       
       concat('11','22') concat                     --连接


from dual;

七、to_number

--to_number(expr)
--to_number(expr,format)
--to_number(expr,format,'nls-param')

select to_number('0123')number1,            --converts a string to number
       trunc(to_number('0123.123'),2) number2,
       to_number('120.11','999.99') number3,
     to_number('0a','xx') number4,        --converts a hex number to decimal
       to_number(100000,'xxxxxx') number5
  
from dual;

八、聚合函数

student表如下:

1.count

--count (distinct|all)
select count(1) as count from student;--效率最高
select count(*) as count from student;    
select count(distinct score) from student;     

2. avg

--avg (distinct|all)
select avg(score) score from student;
select avg(distinct score) from student;
select classno,avg(score) score from student group by classno;

3. max

--max (distinct|all)
select max(score) from student;
select classno, max(score) score from student group by classno;
 

4. min

--min (distinct|all)
select min(score) from student;
select classno, min(score) score from student group by classno;

5. stddev(standard deviation)标准差

--stddev
select stddev(score) from student;
select classno, stddev(score) score from student group by classno;

6. sum

--sum
select sum(score) from student;
select classno, sum(score) score from student group by classno;

7. median--中位数

--median
select median(score) from student;
select classno, median(score) score from student group by classno;

九、案例演示

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/myitnews/p/11809205.html