java——多线程知识点大总结

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

1:理解线程的概念之前,我们有必要先理解一下进程的概念

  程序(Program)是为实现特定目标或解决特定问题而用计算机语言(比如Java语言)编写的命令序列的集合。

  进程指一个程序一次执行过程 

     

2:线程

    线程又称为轻量级进程,线程是一个程序中实现单一功能的一个指令序列,是一个程序的单个执行流,存在于进程中,是一个进程的一部分。线程不能单独运行,必须在一个进程之内运行。

 

 

 线程的特点

线程和进程

 

 如何自定义线程类

线程中的进程

线程中的常用方法

 

import java.util.Date;

class TimeThread extends Thread{
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for(int i=0;i<=2; i++){
            System.out.println("时间线程:"+new Date());
            try {
                Thread.sleep(10000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {
    
    private TimeThread timeThread;
    
    public CounterThread(TimeThread timeThread){
        this.timeThread = timeThread;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for(int i=1;i<=3; i++){
            if(i==2){
                try {
                    timeThread.join();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            System.out.println("计数器线程:"+i);
        }
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
        timeThread.start();
        new CounterThread(timeThread).start();
    }
}

注意:线程对象在调用join方法前必须先调用start方法,否则该线程永远不会进入执行状态。

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

class TimeThread extends Thread {

    public void run() {
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss:sss");
        String beforeTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        System.out.println("beforeTime:"+beforeTime);
        try {
            sleep(30000);// 30秒后执行后面代码
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println("程序捕获了InterruptedException异常!");
        }
        String afterTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        System.out.println("afterTime:"+afterTime);
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
        timeThread.start();
        try{
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        }catch(InterruptedException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        timeThread.interrupt();
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {

    Object lockObj;

    public CounterThread(Object lockObj) {
        this.lockObj = lockObj;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (lockObj) {
            System.out.println("计数器线程正在执行......");
            try {
                lockObj.wait();//当线程执行该行代码后,线程进入阻塞状态;但由于10秒后主线程执行了“counterThread.interrupt();”代码使得该线程阻塞状态结束
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Object lockObj = new Object();
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread(lockObj);
        counterThread.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        counterThread.interrupt();
    }
}
import java.util.Date;

class TimeThread extends Thread{
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for(int i=0;i<=2; i++){
            System.out.println("时间线程:"+new Date());
            try {
                Thread.sleep(10000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {
    
    private TimeThread timeThread;
    
    public CounterThread(TimeThread timeThread){
        this.timeThread = timeThread;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for(int i=1;i<=3; i++){
            if(i==2){
                try {
                    timeThread.join();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    System.out.println("计数器线程提前结束阻塞状态");
                }
            }
            System.out.println("计数器线程:"+i);
        }
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
        timeThread.start();
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread(timeThread);
        counterThread.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(15000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        counterThread.interrupt();//计数器线程执行该行代码后进入阻塞状态,时间线程至少需要消耗30秒才能结束,而15秒后计数器线程调用了interrupt方法致使该计数器线程提前结束阻塞状态。
    }
}

守护线程不是将原来线程改为守护线程,而是本来就是守护线程,别忘了setDaemon方法需要在start方法之前调用。

代码1:
public class Program {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread();
        counterThread.setDaemon(true);
        counterThread.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {
    
    public void run() {
        int i=1;
        while(true){
            System.out.println("计数器:"+i);
            i++;
        }
    }
}

代码2:
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

/**
 * 线程中所启动的其他非守护线程线程不会随着该线程的结束而结束
 */
public class ThreadDead {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
        timeThread.start();//10秒后“任务管理器”中javaw.exe进程中线程数量会多一条
    }
}

class TimeThread extends Thread{

    @Override
    public void run() {
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
        String currentTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        System.out.println("时间线程,当前时间:"+currentTime);
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread();
        //counterThread.setDaemon(true);
        counterThread.start();//10秒后“任务管理器”中javaw.exe进程中线程数量会再多一条
        try {
            Thread.sleep(5000);//一个时段后“任务管理器”中javaw.exe进程中线程数量会少一条,但计数器线程依然在工作
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {

    public void run() {
        int i=1;
        while(true){
            System.out.println("计数器线程:"+i);
            i++;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

 终止程序——无疾而终

class CounterThread extends Thread {

    private boolean flag = true;

    public void stopThread() {
        flag = false;
    }

    public void run() {
        int i = 0;
        while (flag) {
            System.out.println("计数器线程:" + i);
            i++;
            try {
                sleep(5000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread();
        counterThread.start();
        try {
            Thread.sleep(15000);// 15秒后线程终止
            counterThread.stopThread();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

终止程序——暴毙死亡

class CounterThread extends Thread {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        int i = 0;
        try {
            while (true) {
                System.out.println("计数器线程:" + i);
                i++;
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CounterThread counterThread = new CounterThread();
        counterThread.start();
        try{
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        }catch(InterruptedException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        counterThread.interrupt();
    }
}

上面CounterThread类不可这样写:
class CounterThread extends Thread {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        int i=0;
        while(true){
            System.out.println("计数器线程:"+i);
            i++;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

串行运行

 

代码1:
public class Test {
    
    private static Object shareData = new Object();//多线程间共享的数据

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new CounterThread("线程1",shareData).start();
        new CounterThread("线程2",shareData).start();
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread{

    private Object shareData;
    
    public CounterThread(String threadName,Object shareData){
        super(threadName);
        this.shareData = shareData;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (shareData) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                System.out.println(getName() + " : " + i);
            }
        }
    }
}

代码2:
public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new CounterThread("线程1").start();
        new CounterThread("线程2").start();
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread {

    public CounterThread(String threadName) {
        super(threadName);
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (CounterThread.class) {//执行代码3可知道为什么这样做也可以
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                System.out.println(getName() + " : " + i);
            }
        }
    }
}

代码3:
public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args){
        System.out.println(Test.class == Test.class);
    }
}

线程之间数据共享——并行运行

多个线程之间默认并发运行,这种运行方式往往会出现交叉的情况     

     

线程之间数据共享——串行运行(synchronized)

  

使原本并发运行的多个线程实现串行运行,即多线程间同步执行,需要通过对象锁机制来实现,synchronized就是一个利用锁实现线程同步的关键字。

 

  多线程同步原理

为什么通过synchronized就能实现多线程间串行运行呢?

    被synchronized括着的部分就是线程执行临界区,每次仅能有一个线程执行该临界区中的代码:当多个线程中的某个线程先拿到对象锁, 则该线程执行临界区内的代码,其他线程只能在临界区外部等待,当此线程执行完临界区中的代码后,在临界区外部等待的其他线程开始再次竞争以获取对象锁,进而执行临界区中的代码,但只能有一条线程“胜利”。

     临界区中的代码具有互斥性、唯一性和排它性:一个线程只有执行完临界区中的代码另一个线程才能执行

 1 package com.xt.two;
 2 import java.text.*;
 3 import java.util.Date;
 4 
 5 public class SynTest {
 6 
 7     public static void main(String[] args) {
 8         Object lockObj = new Object();
 9         new DisplayThread(lockObj).start();
10     }
11 }
12 
13 class DisplayThread extends Thread {
14 
15     Object lockObj;
16 
17     public DisplayThread(Object lockObj) {
18         this.lockObj = lockObj;
19     }
20 
21     @Override
22     public void run() {
23         synchronized (lockObj) {
24             new TimeThread(lockObj).start();
25             try {
26                 sleep(60000);
27             } catch (InterruptedException e) {
28                 e.printStackTrace();
29             }
30         }
31     }
32 }
33 class TimeThread extends Thread {
34 
35     Object lockObj;
36 
37     public TimeThread(Object lockObj) {
38         this.lockObj = lockObj;
39     }
40 
41     @Override
42     public void run() {
43         System.out.println("时间线程开始执行......");
44         synchronized (lockObj) {
45             DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss");
46             String time = dateFormat.format(new Date());
47             System.out.println(time);
  
        //为什么这行代码60秒左右才会执行48 //显示器线程和时间线程共享lockObj对象,显示器线程优先进入启动状态,随后执行相应的run方法,当执行同步代码块时lockObj变量所代表的对象锁归显示器线程所有, 49 //进而创建时间线程并使之处于启动状态,此时有一下两种状态: 50 //1、时间线程马上进入执行状态, 51 //马上执行该时间线程run方法,可是由于此时lockObj变量所代表的对象锁被显示器线程持有, 52 //这时时间线程进入阻塞状态,显示器线程再次执行,然后执行sleep方法,显示器线程在继续持有对象锁的前提下 53 //也进入阻塞状态,60秒后显示器线程进入执行状态,随后显示器线程结束,对象锁被释放,进而时间线程开始执行,进而这行代码运行; 54 //2、时间线程并没有马上进入执行状态,显示器线程执行sleep方法,显示器线程在继续持有对象锁的前提下 55 //也进入阻塞状态,此时时间线程进入执行状态,执行该时间线程run方法,执行该方法中第一行输出代码, 56 //可是由于此时lockObj变量所代表的对象锁被显示器线程持有, 57 //所以时间线程并没有执行时间线程run方法内临界区中的代码,这时时间线程也进入阻塞状态,此时显示器和时间两条线程均进去阻塞状态, 58 //等待少于60秒的时间后,显示器线程进入运行状态,随后显示器线程结束,对象锁被释放,进而时间线程开始执行,进而这行代码运行; 59 } 60 } 61 }

synchronized(this)

public class Test {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new CounterThread("线程1").start();
        new CounterThread("线程2").start();
    }
}

class CounterThread extends Thread{

    public CounterThread(String threadName){
        super(threadName);
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (this) {//此时临界区中的代码无法实现串行执行,因为此时对象锁在线程1和线程2之间不共享
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                System.out.println(getName() + " : " + i);
            }
        }
    }
}
public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new CounterThread(),"线程1").start();
        new Thread(new CounterThread(),"线程2").start();
    }
}

class CounterThread implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (this) {// 此时临界区中的代码依然无法实现串行执行,因为每一个独立线程拥有一个独立的锁对象——new CounterThread()。
                       //要明白这两点:
                       //谁调用该run方法?——CounterThread类对象;
                       //谁执行该run方法?——正在执行的线程
            Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":" + i);
            }
        }
    }
}
public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runnable counterThread = new CounterThread();
        new Thread(counterThread,"线程1").start();
        new Thread(counterThread,"线程2").start();
    }
}

class CounterThread implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (this) {// 此时临界区中的代码可以实现串行执行,因为此时接口实现类对象充当了对象锁的功能,该对象锁在两个线程之间共享
            Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":" + i);
            }
        }
    }
}

线程死锁

如果有两个或两个以上的线程都访问了多个资源,而这些线程占用了一些资源的同时又在等待其它线程占用的资源,也就是说多个线程之间都持有了对方所需的资源,而又相互等待对方释放的资源,在这种情况下就会出现死锁。 多个线程互相等待对方释放对象锁,此时就会出现死锁

public class DeadLockThread {
    // 创建两个线程之间竞争使用的对象
    private static Object lock1 = new Object();
    private static Object lock2 = new Object();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ShareThread1().start();
        new ShareThread2().start();
    }

    private static class ShareThread1 extends Thread {
        public void run() {
            synchronized (lock1) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(50);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock2) {
                    System.out.println("ShareThread1");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static class ShareThread2 extends Thread {
        public void run() {
            synchronized (lock2) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(50);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                synchronized (lock1) {
                    System.out.println("ShareThread2");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

 线程协作

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ElectronicWatch {
    
    String currentTime;
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ElectronicWatch().new DisplayThread().start();
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责显示时间
     */
    class DisplayThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            new TimeThread ().start();
            System.out.println(currentTime);//为什么结果可能为null
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责获取时间
     */
    class TimeThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            String pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
            SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
            currentTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        }
    }
}
代码2:
package test;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ElectronicWatch {
    
    String currentTime;
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ElectronicWatch().new DisplayThread().start();
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责显示时间
     */
    class DisplayThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
            timeThread.start();
            try {
                sleep(5000);//这种方式不可取:这种方式性能不高
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println(currentTime);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责获取时间
     */
    class TimeThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            String pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
            SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
            currentTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        }
    }
}

代码3:
package test;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ElectronicWatch {
    
    String currentTime;
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ElectronicWatch().new DisplayThread().start();
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责显示时间
     */
    class DisplayThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            TimeThread timeThread = new TimeThread();
            timeThread.start();
            try {
                timeThread.join();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println(currentTime);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责获取时间
     */
    class TimeThread extends Thread{

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            String pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
            SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
            currentTime = sdf.format(new Date());
        }
    }
}

               

代码4:wait和notify方法

               

package com.xt.two;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ElectronicWatch {
    
    String currentTime;
    public static Object obj = new Object();
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ElectronicWatch().new DisplayThread(obj).start();
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责显示时间
     */
    class DisplayThread extends Thread{

        Object obj;
        
        public DisplayThread(Object obj) {
            this.obj = obj;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            TimeThread tt=new TimeThread (obj);
            tt.start();
            synchronized (obj) {
                try {
                    obj.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            System.out.println(currentTime);//为什么结果可能为null
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 该线程负责获取时间
     */
    class TimeThread extends Thread{

        Object obj;
        
        public TimeThread(Object obj) {
            this.obj = obj;
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            String pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
            SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
            currentTime = sdf.format(new Date());
            synchronized (obj) {
                obj.notify();
            }
        }
    }
}

                                                                 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lyxcode/p/9488561.html