Python爬虫开发【第1篇】【多线程爬虫及案例】

糗事百科爬虫实例：

地址：http://www.qiushibaike.com/8hr/page/1

需求：

使用requests获取页面信息，用XPath / re 做数据提取
获取每个帖子里的用户头像链接、用户姓名、段子内容、点赞次数和评论次数
保存到 json 文件内

#qiushibaike.py

#import urllib
#import re
#import chardet

import requests
from lxml import etree

page = 1
url = 'http://www.qiushibaike.com/8hr/page/' + str(page) 
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36',
    'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8'}

try:
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    resHtml = response.text

    html = etree.HTML(resHtml)
    result = html.xpath('//div[contains(@id,"qiushi_tag")]')

    for site in result:
        item = {}

        imgUrl = site.xpath('./div/a/img/@src')[0].encode('utf-8')
        username = site.xpath('./div/a/@title')[0].encode('utf-8')
        #username = site.xpath('.//h2')[0].text
        content = site.xpath('.//div[@class="content"]/span')[0].text.strip().encode('utf-8')
        # 投票次数
        vote = site.xpath('.//i')[0].text
        #print site.xpath('.//*[@class="number"]')[0].text
        # 评论信息
        comments = site.xpath('.//i')[1].text

        print imgUrl, username, content, vote, comments

except Exception, e:
    print e

Queue（队列对象）

Queue是python中的标准库，可以直接import Queue引用;队列是线程间最常用的交换数据的形式

python下多线程的思考

对于资源，加锁是个重要的环节。因为python原生的list,dict等，都是not thread safe的。而Queue，是线程安全的，因此在满足使用条件下，建议使用队列

初始化： class Queue.Queue(maxsize) FIFO 先进先出
包中的常用方法:
- Queue.qsize() 返回队列的大小
- Queue.empty() 如果队列为空，返回True,反之False
- Queue.full() 如果队列满了，返回True,反之False
- Queue.full 与 maxsize 大小对应
- Queue.get([block[, timeout]])获取队列，timeout等待时间
创建一个“队列”对象
- import Queue
- myqueue = Queue.Queue(maxsize = 10)
将一个值放入队列中
- myqueue.put(10)
将一个值从队列中取出
- myqueue.get()

多线程爬虫示意图：

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
from lxml import etree
from Queue import Queue
import threading
import time
import json


class thread_crawl(threading.Thread):
    '''
    抓取线程类
    '''

    def __init__(self, threadID, q):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.threadID = threadID
        self.q = q

    def run(self):
        print "Starting " + self.threadID
        self.qiushi_spider()
        print "Exiting ", self.threadID

    def qiushi_spider(self):
        # page = 1
        while True:
            if self.q.empty():
                break
            else:
                page = self.q.get()
                print 'qiushi_spider=', self.threadID, ',page=', str(page)
                url = 'http://www.qiushibaike.com/8hr/page/' + str(page) + '/'
                headers = {
                    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36',
                    'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8'}
                # 多次尝试失败结束、防止死循环
                timeout = 4
                while timeout > 0:
                    timeout -= 1
                    try:
                        content = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
                        data_queue.put(content.text)
                        break
                    except Exception, e:
                        print 'qiushi_spider', e
                if timeout < 0:
                    print 'timeout', url


class Thread_Parser(threading.Thread):
    '''
    页面解析类；
    '''

    def __init__(self, threadID, queue, lock, f):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.threadID = threadID
        self.queue = queue
        self.lock = lock
        self.f = f

    def run(self):
        print 'starting ', self.threadID
        global total, exitFlag_Parser
        while not exitFlag_Parser:
            try:
                '''
                调用队列对象的get()方法从队头删除并返回一个项目。可选参数为block，默认为True。
                如果队列为空且block为True，get()就使调用线程暂停，直至有项目可用。
                如果队列为空且block为False，队列将引发Empty异常。
                '''
                item = self.queue.get(False)
                if not item:
                    pass
                self.parse_data(item)
                self.queue.task_done()
                print 'Thread_Parser=', self.threadID, ',total=', total
            except:
                pass
        print 'Exiting ', self.threadID

    def parse_data(self, item):
        '''
        解析网页函数
        :param item: 网页内容
        :return:
        '''
        global total
        try:
            html = etree.HTML(item)
            result = html.xpath('//div[contains(@id,"qiushi_tag")]')
            for site in result:
                try:
                    imgUrl = site.xpath('.//img/@src')[0]
                    title = site.xpath('.//h2')[0].text
                    content = site.xpath('.//div[@class="content"]/span')[0].text.strip()
                    vote = None
                    comments = None
                    try:
                        vote = site.xpath('.//i')[0].text
                        comments = site.xpath('.//i')[1].text
                    except:
                        pass
                    result = {
                        'imgUrl': imgUrl,
                        'title': title,
                        'content': content,
                        'vote': vote,
                        'comments': comments,
                    }

                    with self.lock:
                        # print 'write %s' % json.dumps(result)
                        self.f.write(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False).encode('utf-8') + "
")

                except Exception, e:
                    print 'site in result', e
        except Exception, e:
            print 'parse_data', e
        with self.lock:
            total += 1

data_queue = Queue()
exitFlag_Parser = False
lock = threading.Lock()
total = 0

def main():
    output = open('qiushibaike.json', 'a')

    #初始化网页页码page从1-10个页面
    pageQueue = Queue(50)
    for page in range(1, 11):
        pageQueue.put(page)

    #初始化采集线程
    crawlthreads = []
    crawlList = ["crawl-1", "crawl-2", "crawl-3"]

    for threadID in crawlList:
        thread = thread_crawl(threadID, pageQueue)
        thread.start()
        crawlthreads.append(thread)

    #初始化解析线程parserList
    parserthreads = []
    parserList = ["parser-1", "parser-2", "parser-3"]
    #分别启动parserList
    for threadID in parserList:
        thread = Thread_Parser(threadID, data_queue, lock, output)
        thread.start()
        parserthreads.append(thread)

    # 等待队列清空
    while not pageQueue.empty():
        pass

    # 等待所有线程完成
    for t in crawlthreads:
        t.join()

    while not data_queue.empty():
        pass
    # 通知线程是时候退出
    global exitFlag_Parser
    exitFlag_Parser = True

    for t in parserthreads:
        t.join()
    print "Exiting Main Thread"
    with lock:
        output.close()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()