Java代码发送Http的GET和POST请求

1、HTTP中GET和POST的区别

首先要了解下GET和POST的区别。
HTTP定义了4种与服务器交互方法:GET,POST,PUT,DELETE。URL全称是资源描述符,可以这样认为:一个URL地址,它用于描述一个网络上的资源,而HTTP中的GET,POST,PUT,DELETE可以理解为就对应着对这个资源的查,改,增,删4个操作。GET一般用于获取/查询资源信息,而POST一般用于更新资源信息。GET和POST的区别主要从以下几个方面理解:

  • 用途
    根据HTTP规范,GET用于信息获取,用于获取信息而非修改信息。GET请求一般不应产生副作用。它仅仅是获取资源信息,就像数据库查询一样,不会修改,增加数据,不会影响资源的状态。对同一URL的多个请求应该返回同样的结果。 POST可能修改变服务器上的资源的请求
  • 请求数据的传递方式
    GET请求的数据会附在URL之后(就是把数据放置在HTTP协议头中),以?分割URL和传输数据,参数之间以&相连,如:buy.jsp?product=apple&amount=1111&verify=%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD。如果数据是英文字母或者数字,原样发送,如果是空格,转换为+,如果是中文或者其他字符,则直接把字符串用BASE64加密,得出如:%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD,其中%XX中的XX为该符号以16进制表示的ASCII。而POST把提交的数据则放置在是HTTP包的包体中
  • 提交数据的大小限制
    GET方式提交的数据最多只能是1024字节(GET请求中参数是附在url后面的,实际上这个长度是url长度的要求)。理论上POST没有限制,可传较大量的数据。这一点可以先简单这么理解。
  • 安全性
    POST的安全性要比GET的安全性高。比如,通过GET提交数据,用户名和密码将明文出现在URL上。
  • 常见场景
    在FORM表单中,Method默认为"GET"。在浏览器地址栏中输入url发生请求都是GET,如果要发送POST请求就需要通过提交form表单来完成。

2、Java代码发送GET和POST请求

Java中应该有好多种方式,可以发送GET和POST请求。这里介绍两种:通过HttpURLConnection和通过Apache HttpClient库。

2.1 通过HttpURLConnection发送GET和POST请求

这种方式基本上算是java原生的,不需要导入任何jar包依赖就可以运行。代码如下:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;

/**
 * Created by chengxia on 2018/12/4.
 */
public class HttpURLConnectionDemo {
    public String doPost(String URL){
        OutputStreamWriter out = null;
        BufferedReader in = null;
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        HttpURLConnection conn = null;
        try{
            URL url = new URL(URL);
            conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
            //发送POST请求必须设置为true
            conn.setDoOutput(true);
            conn.setDoInput(true);
            //设置连接超时时间和读取超时时间
            conn.setConnectTimeout(30000);
            conn.setReadTimeout(10000);
            conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json");
            conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
            //获取输出流
            out = new OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream());
            String jsonStr = "{"qry_by":"name", "name":"Tim"}";
            out.write(jsonStr);
            out.flush();
            out.close();
            //取得输入流,并使用Reader读取
            if (200 == conn.getResponseCode()){
                in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream(), "UTF-8"));
                String line;
                while ((line = in.readLine()) != null){
                    result.append(line);
                    System.out.println(line);
                }
            }else{
                System.out.println("ResponseCode is an error code:" + conn.getResponseCode());
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            try{
                if(out != null){
                    out.close();
                }
                if(in != null){
                    in.close();
                }
            }catch (IOException ioe){
                ioe.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    public String doGet(String URL){
        HttpURLConnection conn = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        BufferedReader br = null;
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        try{
            //创建远程url连接对象
            URL url = new URL(URL);
            //通过远程url连接对象打开一个连接,强转成HTTPURLConnection类
            conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
            //设置连接超时时间和读取超时时间
            conn.setConnectTimeout(15000);
            conn.setReadTimeout(60000);
            conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
            //发送请求
            conn.connect();
            //通过conn取得输入流,并使用Reader读取
            if (200 == conn.getResponseCode()){
                is = conn.getInputStream();
                br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
                String line;
                while ((line = br.readLine()) != null){
                    result.append(line);
                    System.out.println(line);
                }
            }else{
                System.out.println("ResponseCode is an error code:" + conn.getResponseCode());
            }
        }catch (MalformedURLException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }catch (IOException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            try{
                if(br != null){
                    br.close();
                }
                if(is != null){
                    is.close();
                }
            }catch (IOException ioe){
                ioe.printStackTrace();
            }
            conn.disconnect();
        }
        return result.toString();
    }


    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        HttpURLConnectionDemo http = new HttpURLConnectionDemo();
        
        System.out.println("Testing 1 - Do Http GET request");
        http.doGet("http://localhost:8080");

        System.out.println("
Testing 2 - Do Http POST request");
        http.doPost("http://localhost:8080/json");

    }

}

运行的输出如下:

Testing 1 - Do Http GET request


<html>
  <head>
    <title>Hello World!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello Word!</h1>
  </body>
</html>

Testing 2 - Do Http POST request
[{name:'Kobe', team:‘Lakers’},{name:'Tim', team:‘Spurs’}]

Process finished with exit code 0

从这个例子的代码中就可以看出,GET请求向服务器发送的数据,都放在url中,这样在发送请求是不用向请求正文中写入数据。而POST请求在发送时,必须先将发送的数据,写入到请求正文中。下面的apache httpclient实现中,也能看出这个区别。

2.2 通过Apache HttpClient发送GET和POST请求

这里需要用到Apache HttpClient的依赖包,所以要先去官网下载依赖的jar包:

 
Apache官网下载依赖jar包

解压之后,将lib目录下所有的jar包文件,导入到工程的依赖目录(我曾经天真的以为只需要一个httpclient-4.5.6.jar,然而在编译时各种报错,全部导入到就好了):
 
下载的jar包解压之后

 
全部导入到工程的依赖目录中

最后,Java代码如下:
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * Created by chengxia on 2018/12/5.
 */
public class ApacheHttpClientDemo {
    public String doGet(String url){
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = null;
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        String result = "";
        try{
            //通过默认配置创建一个httpClient实例
            httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
            //创建httpGet远程连接实例
            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
            //httpGet.addHeader("Connection", "keep-alive");
            //设置请求头信息
            httpGet.addHeader("Accept", "application/json");
            //配置请求参数
            RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
                    .setConnectTimeout(35000) //设置连接主机服务超时时间
                    .setConnectionRequestTimeout(35000)//设置请求超时时间
                    .setSocketTimeout(60000)//设置数据读取超时时间
                    .build();
            //为httpGet实例设置配置
            httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
            //执行get请求得到返回对象
            response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
            //通过返回对象获取返回数据
            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            //通过EntityUtils中的toString方法将结果转换为字符串,后续根据需要处理对应的reponse code
            result = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
            System.out.println(result);

        }catch (ClientProtocolException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }catch (IOException ioe){
            ioe.printStackTrace();
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            //关闭资源
            if(response != null){
                try {
                    response.close();
                }catch (IOException ioe){
                    ioe.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(httpClient != null){
                try{
                    httpClient.close();
                }catch (IOException ioe){
                    ioe.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    public String doPost(String url){
        //创建httpClient对象
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        String result = "";
        try{
            //创建http请求
            HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
            httpPost.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
            //创建请求内容
            String jsonStr = "{"qry_by":"name", "name":"Tim"}";
            StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(jsonStr);
            httpPost.setEntity(entity);
            response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
            result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(),"utf-8");
            System.out.println(result);
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            //关闭资源
            if(response != null){
                try {
                    response.close();
                }catch (IOException ioe){
                    ioe.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(httpClient != null){
                try{
                    httpClient.close();
                }catch (IOException ioe){
                    ioe.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ApacheHttpClientDemo http = new ApacheHttpClientDemo();

        System.out.println("Testing 1 - Do Http GET request");
        http.doGet("http://localhost:8080");

        System.out.println("
Testing 2 - Do Http POST request");
        http.doPost("http://localhost:8080/json");

    }

}

由于是向相同的url发送请求,这个例子的输出和前面的例子是一样的。

参考



作者:SpaceCat
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/117264481886
来源:简书
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原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/guohu/p/14902635.html