1. definition: Ultra-wideband (also known as UWB) is a radio technology that can use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum超宽带（也称为UWB）是一种无线电技术，可以在很大一部分无线电频谱上使用非常低的能量水平进行短距离，高带宽通信
2. application in mining:
1) ESAN(mining company in Turkish):
ensures that vehicular traffic moves safely by identifying vehicles and then managing the signal lights to keep those vehicles flowing safely in two directions.
automatically capturing the identities of trucks as they were weighed before and after loading
track individuals and vehicles moving around the mines, thereby improving both productivity and safety
通过车辆识别管理信号灯，以确保这些车辆在两个方向上都能安全行驶，从而保证井下行车的安全。
分别根据装载之前和之后卡车的重量自动识别其身份
跟踪在矿山周围移动的个人和车辆，从而提高生产率和安全性
2) eliko
https://www.eliko.ee/
smart parking: can be used in different smart parking solutions with both automatic access and payment features
comments: According to the users, sometimes they need to pay for parking through this app altough they just simply passing by the park area
智能停车：可用于自动访问并缴纳停车费用，智能解决停车问题
评论：有的用户反映个别情况下只是途径停车场就被扣去了停车费
3. advantages:
low power consumption 低能耗
high reliability 可靠性高
can penetrate obstacles 可穿透障碍
has data transmission options 可以传输数据
In emergencies (wireless communication) may become vital for survival, for example, during a disaster (such as a fire, rock falls), the conventional wired communication system may become unreliable, also the ability for monitoring and detecting a possible hazardous event in underground mines (such as fire, flammable, explosive, toxic gas)在紧急情况下（无线通信）可能对于生存至关重要，例如在灾难（例如火灾，岩石坠落）期间，常规的有线通信系统可能变得不可靠，还具有监视和检测地下可能发生的危险事件的能力 地雷（例如火，易燃，易爆，有毒气体）
4. principles
To address the problem of geolocation under mining environments, we consider judicious deployment of fixed anchors (node with known positions). The position information of these anchors is used to provide the location of the responders (blind node) moving inside the mines. The blind nodes extract ranges from anchors, and then estimate its locations using non-linear least-squares technique. These node locations are transmitted to sink which are located at each mine level, and then transmitted to central station in the monitoring room为了解决矿山环境中的地理位置问题，我们考虑部署固定锚（位置已知的节点）。 这些锚点的位置信息用于提供在矿井内移动的响应者（盲节点）的位置。 盲节点从锚中提取范围，然后使用非线性最小二乘法估计其位置。 这些节点位置被传输到位于每个防雷层的接收器，然后传输到监视室的中央站。
In pattern recognition based algorithms, the localization system gets off-line training to create a reference database of possible locations. We refer to this pre-generated database as reference radio map. During the localization period, the user compares the characteristics of the observed signal with the existing fingerprints in the radio map and chooses the reference point that matches best with the observed data. This technique has been adopted for geolocation in underground mine在基于模式识别的算法中，本地化系统接受离线培训以创建可能位置的参考数据库。 我们将此预先生成的数据库称为参考无线电地图。 在定位期间，用户将观察到的信号的特征与无线电地图中现有的特征进行比较，并选择与观察到的数据最匹配的参考点。 该技术已被用于地下矿山的地理定位。
The major effort in applying location fingerprinting is the creation and maintenance of the database. The signal fingerprints for the database can be collected either by
Measurements: a vehicle drives through the underground mines collecting the signal fingerprints at each position
Computational network planning tool: by simulating the signal propagation characteristics of every transmitting node in the area of interest
应用位置指纹识别的主要工作是数据库的创建和维护。 可以通过以下方式收集数据库的信号指纹：
测量：车辆驶过地下矿井，在每个位置收集信号指纹
计算网络规划工具：通过模拟感兴趣区域中每个传输节点的信号传播特性
5. disadvantage
In plain words, the database must be updated frequently enough so that the channel characteristics in the training and position estimation phases do not differ significantly. Such an update requirement can be very costly for positioning systems operating in dynamic environments like underground mines where there is a huge human’s activity
简而言之，必须对数据库进行足够频繁的更新，以使训练和位置估计阶段中的信道特性不会出现显着差异。 这种更新要求对于在动态环境（如地下矿山）中运行的定位系统非常昂贵，因为地下矿井中人类活动量很大
6. reference
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157087050800125X