python基础，python第二课

python基础第二天的课程，主要内容列表，元祖，字典，字符串等主要内容

列表

定义列表 

>>> names = ["ZhangSan","LiSi","WangWu","ZhaoLiu",["ZhangXin","MengDong"],"ZongQi","HeiBa","DongJiu"]
>>> print(names)
['ZhangSan', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu']

列表取值

>>> names[0]   #names列表元素从左往右，从0开始数
'ZhangSan'
>>> names[4][0]
'ZhangXin'

列表切片

>>> print(names[0])
ZhangSan
>>> print(names[0:])   　　#从第一个元素取到最末
['ZhangSan', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu']
>>> print(names[-1])　　　　#取最后一个元素
DongJiu
>>> print(names[:-1])　　　　#从第一个元素取到最后一个（不包含最后一个）
['ZhangSan', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa']
>>> print(names[-2:])　　　　#取最后两个元素
['HeiBa', 'DongJiu']
>>> print(names[:4])　　　　　#取前4个元素
['ZhangSan', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu']
>>> print(names[-4:])　　　　#取后四个元素
[['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu']
>>> print(names[::2])　　　　#从头开始取，2代表，每隔一个取一个。 如果是3，每两个取一个，以此类推
['ZhangSan', 'WangWu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'HeiBa']

列表的操作

>>> names.append("DaWa") #在列表内最后追加
>>> print(names)
['ZhangSan', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu', 'DaWa']

names.insert(1,"ErWa")　　#在下标位置为1的元素前插入
>>> print(names)
['ZhangSan', 'ErWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu', 'DaWa']

>>> names[1]="SanWa"
>>> print(names)
['ZhangSan', 'SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu', 'DaWa']

>>> del names[0] 　　 #删除元素下标位置的数据
>>> print(names)
['SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu', 'DaWa']
>>> names.remove("DaWa")   #删除指定数据
>>> print(names)
['SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', 'DongJiu']
>>> names.pop()　　　　　　#删除最后一个数据
'DongJiu'
>>> print(names)
['SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa']

>>> print(names)
['SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa']
>>> names2=["1","2","3","4","5","6","LiSi"]
>>> names.extend(names2) 　　　　　　#在names列表数据后面追加names2的数据
>>> print(names)
['SanWa', 'LiSi', 'WangWu', 'ZhaoLiu', ['ZhangXin', 'MengDong'], 'ZongQi', 'HeiBa', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', 'LiSi']

>>> names1 = ['one','two','three','four',["five","six"],7,8,9,]
>>> names2 = names1.copy()
>>> print(names2)
['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', ['five', 'six'], 7, 8, 9]
>>> names2[4][1]= "none"   #修改name2列表中的列表数据后，names1中的值也跟着修改
>>> print(names1)  
['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', ['five', 'none'], 7, 8, 9]
>>> print(names2)
['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', ['five', 'none'], 7, 8, 9]

>>> names=["LiSi","1","2","3","4","5","6","LiSi"]
>>> names.count("LiSi")
2

>>> names = ['one','two','three','four',"7","8","9"]
>>> names.sort()
>>> print(names) #按ASCII编码排序
['7', '8', '9', 'four', 'one', 'three', 'two']

>>> names = ['one','two','three','four',"7","8","9"]
>>> names.reverse()
>>> print(names)
['9', '8', '7', 'four', 'three', 'two', 'one']

>>> names
['9', '8', '7', 'four', 'three', 'two', 'one']
>>> names.index("four")　　#获取该元素下标值
3

元组

元组tuple和列表十分类似，只不过元组和字符串一样是不可变的，即你不能修改元组。

定义元组

>>> t_name = ("zhang","li","wang","zhao","sun")
>>> print(t_name)
('zhang', 'li', 'wang', 'zhao', 'sun')

 元组操作

统计

>>> t_name = ("zhang","li","wang","zhao","sun")
>>> t_name.count("sun")
1

获取下标

>>> t_name.index("wang")
2

购物车练习

• 启动程序后，让用户输入工资，然后打印商品列表
• 允许用户根据商品编号购买商品
• 用户选择商品后，检测余额是否够，够就直接扣款，不够就提醒 
• 可随时退出，退出时，打印已购买商品和余额

shoping_list = [
    ('iphone',5800),
    ('Mac Pro', 16000),
    ("bike", 800),
    ("python book", 58),
]
curt_list = [] 　　　　　　　　 #购物车列表
salary = input("你的工资是多少：")
if salary.isdigit():　　　　#判断是否是整数
    salary = int(salary)　　#转整型
    while True:
        for index,item in enumerate(shoping_list):　　#循环打印商品列表
#            print(shoping_list.index(item),item)
            print(index,item)　　　　　　　　　
        choice_number = input("请输入你要选择的编号:")
        if choice_number.isdigit():　　　　　　　　　　
            choice_number = int(choice_number)
            if choice_number  < len(shoping_list)  and  choice_number >=0:　　　　#判断选择编号是否存在
                p_item = shoping_list[choice_number]  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#选择商品
                if p_item[1] <= salary:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#判断 商品价格小于等于工资 购买，否则提示余额不足　　　　　　
                    curt_list.append(p_item)　　　　　#加入购物车
                    salary -=p_item[1]　　　　　　　　　#剩余余额
                    print("33[31;1m%s33[0m已经加入购物车,你的余额是33[32;1m%s33[0m"%(p_item[0],salary))
                else:
                    print("你的余额不足")
            else:
                print("你输入的商品不存在")
        elif choice_number == "q":
            print("——————shop list——————")
            for i in curt_list:
                print(i)
            print("您的余额是%s"%salary)
            exit()
        else:
            print("你的输入有误")

else:
    print("你的输入有误")

字符串

name = "Zhangxin Hanchuan"

print(name.capitalize())
print(name.casefold())
print(name.center(20,"-"))
print(name.count("s"))
print(name.encode())
print(name.endswith("aa"))
print(name.find("1"))
print(name.format_map({"name":"zhangxin","age":18}))
print(name.format(name= "zhangxin",age= 19))
print(name.isalnum())  #是否阿拉伯数字+阿拉伯字符
print("abc".isalpha()) #是否纯英文字符
print("10101010".isdecimal()) #是否十进制
print("abc".isdigit()) #是否整数
print("abc".isidentifier()) #是否是合法变量名，合法标识符
print("Abc Is".islower()) #是否是小写
print("Abc Is".istitle()) #是否是大写
print("123411121".isnumeric()) #是否是数字，和isdigit没区别
print("asdfasdf".isprintable()) #是否可以打印 is tty file，drive file
print(" ".isspace()) # 是否是个空格
print("+".join(["1","2","3","4"])) # 是否是列表中加入"+" 字符
print(name.ljust(30,"-")) # 右侧补全20个字符--
print(name.lower())
print("
   ab
   ".strip()) #去掉空格和换行
print(name.replace("a","A"))
print(name.rfind("a"))
print(name.split("a"))
print("a+b+c+d".split("+"))
print("zhang xin".swapcase())

字典

字典（dictionary），字典一种key - value 的数据类型，使用就像我们上学用的字典，通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。

字典定义

info = {
    "stdu1101" : "Wuteng Lan",
    "stdu1102" : "Maliya XiaoZe",
    "stdu1103" : "Duoyejiyi Bo",
    "stdu1104" : "LongZe Luola",
}

字典特性

• 字典是没有顺序的
• key的值是唯一，天生去重复

增加

>>> info["stdu1105"]= "苍井空"
>>> info
{'stdu1101': 'Wuteng Lan', 'stdu1102': 'Maliya XiaoZe', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空'}

修改

>>> info["stdu1101"]= "波多野结衣"
>>> info
{'stdu1101': '波多野结衣', 'stdu1102': 'Maliya XiaoZe', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空'}

删除

>>> info.pop("stdu1101")
'波多野结衣'
>>> del info["stdu1102"] 
>>> info
{'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空'}
>>> info.popitem()　　#随机删除一个元素
('stdu1105', '苍井空')

查找

>>> info
{'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola'}
>>> "stdu1103" in info  #标准查找
True
>>> info.get("stdu1103") #获取
'Duoyejiyi Bo'
>>> info["stdu1103"]　　#同样获取
'Duoyejiyi Bo'>>> print(info.get("stdu1105"))#获取不存在的元素返回None
None
>>> info["stdu1105"]#获取不存在的元素返回错误
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#165>", line 1, in <module>
    info["stdu1105"]
KeyError: 'stdu1105'

多层嵌套字典

>>> litle_dict = {
    "欧美": {
        "德国": ["工业4.0", "严谨"],
        "美国": ["很牛逼", "很自大"],
        "法国": ["很浪漫", "很懒"],
        "英国": ["足球流氓很多", "它要脱欧"]
    },
    "日韩": {
        "日本": ["AV不错", "汽车不错"]
    },
    "大陆": {
        "中国大陆": ["足球垃圾", "高铁牛逼"]
    }
}
>>> litle_dict
{'欧美': {'德国': ['工业4.0', '严谨'], '美国': ['很牛逼', '很自大'], '法国': ['很浪漫', '很懒'], '英国': ['足球流氓很多', '它要脱欧']}, '日韩': {'日本': ['AV不错', '汽车不错']}, '大陆': {'中国大陆': ['足球垃圾', '高铁牛逼']}}

修改

>>> litle_dict["欧美"]["美国"][1] = "特朗普"
>>> litle_dict
{'欧美': {'德国': ['工业4.0', '严谨'], '美国': ['很牛逼', '特朗普'], '法国': ['很浪漫', '很懒'], '英国': ['足球流氓很多', '它要脱欧']}, '日韩': {'日本': ['AV不错', '汽车不错']}, '大陆': {'中国大陆': ['足球垃圾', '高铁牛逼']}}

字典的其他操作

>>> info = {
    "stdu1101" : "Wuteng Lan",
    "stdu1102" : "Maliya XiaoZe",
    "stdu1103" : "Duoyejiyi Bo",
    "stdu1104" : "LongZe Luola",
}
>>> info.keys
<built-in method keys of dict object at 0x0000000002F47DC8>
>>> info.keys() 　　#列表的key值
dict_keys(['stdu1101', 'stdu1102', 'stdu1103', 'stdu1104'])
>>> info.values()
dict_values(['Wuteng Lan', 'Maliya XiaoZe', 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'LongZe Luola'])
>>> info.items() 
dict_items([('stdu1101', 'Wuteng Lan'), ('stdu1102', 'Maliya XiaoZe'), ('stdu1103', 'Duoyejiyi Bo'), ('stdu1104', 'LongZe Luola')])
>>> info.setdefault("stdu1105","苍井空")  #不存在的参数设置默认值
'苍井空'
>>> info
{'stdu1101': 'Wuteng Lan', 'stdu1102': 'Maliya XiaoZe', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空'}
>>> info.setdefault("stdu1101","武藤兰")#存在的参数设置默认值不生效
'Wuteng Lan'
>>> info
{'stdu1101': 'Wuteng Lan', 'stdu1102': 'Maliya XiaoZe', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空'}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4,"stdu1102":"小泽玛丽亚"}
>>> info.update(b)#合并数据，并替换存在参数的数据
>>> info
{'stdu1101': 'Wuteng Lan', 'stdu1102': '小泽玛丽亚', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空', 1: 2, 3: 4}
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],"test") #坑多慎用
{1: 'test', 2: 'test', 3: 'test'}

循环dict

>>> info
{'stdu1101': 'Wuteng Lan', 'stdu1102': '小泽玛丽亚', 'stdu1103': 'Duoyejiyi Bo', 'stdu1104': 'LongZe Luola', 'stdu1105': '苍井空', 1: 2, 3: 4}
>>> for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

stdu1101 Wuteng Lan
stdu1102 小泽玛丽亚
stdu1103 Duoyejiyi Bo
stdu1104 LongZe Luola
stdu1105 苍井空
1 2
3 4
>>> for k,v in info.items(): #info内容比较大的时候 不建议使用，info.item()转换需要花费很多时间
    print(k,v)
    
stdu1101 Wuteng Lan
stdu1102 小泽玛丽亚
stdu1103 Duoyejiyi Bo
stdu1104 LongZe Luola
stdu1105 苍井空
1 2
3 4

三级菜单练习

• 打印省、市、县三级菜单
• 可返回上一级
• 可随时退出程序

menu = {
    "北京":{
        "通州":{
            "梨园":{
                "蓝岛": {},
                "贵友大厦": {},
            },
            "永顺":{
                "京杭府": {},
                "北京one": {},
            },
            "台湖":{
                "印象台湖": {},
                "台湖政府": {},
            },
        },
        "房山": {
            "长阳": {},
            "良乡": {},
            "青龙湖": {},
        },
        "海淀": {
            "牡丹园": {},
            "中关村": {},
            "学院路": {},
        },

    },
    "天津": {
    },
    "上海": {
    },
}

exit_flag = False

while not exit_flag:
    for a in menu:
        print(a)
    district = input("请输入城市名称：")
    if district in menu:
        while not exit_flag:
            for b in menu[district]:
                print("	",b)
            town = input("请输入区、县名称：")
            if town in menu[district]:
                while not exit_flag:
                    for c in menu[district][town]:
                        print("		",c)
                    hot_business_area = input("请输入城镇名称：")
                    if hot_business_area in menu[district][town]:
                        for d in menu[district][town][hot_business_area]:
                            print("			",d)
                        end = input("最后一层了，按b返回")
                        if end == "b":
                            pass
                        elif end =="q":
                            exit_flag = True
                    if hot_business_area == "b":
                        break
                    elif hot_business_area == "q":
                        exit_flag = True
            if town == "b":
                break
            elif town == "q":
                exit_flag = True

 作业

一、元素分类
有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...]，将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
即： {'k1': 大于66的所有值, 'k2': 小于66的所有值}

L = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
v1 = []
v2 = []
S = {"k1":v1,"k2":v2}
for s1 in L:
    # print(s1)
    if s1 <= 66:
        v1.append(s1)
    else: s1 > 66:
        v2.append(s1)
print(S)

二、查找
查找列表中元素，移除每个元素的空格，并查找以 a或A开头 并且以 c 结尾的所有元素。

li = ["alec", " aric", "Alex", "Tony", "rain"]
tu = ("alec", " aric", "Alex", "Tony", "rain")
dic = {'k1': "alex", 'k2': ' aric',  "k3": "Alex", "k4": "Tony"}
for i in li:
    j = i.strip()
    if (j.startswith("a") or and j.startswith("A")) j.endswith("c"):
        print(j)

for i in tu:
    j = i.strip()
    if (j.startswith("a") or and j.startswith("A")) j.endswith("c"):
        print(j)

for keys in dic:
    j = dic[keys].strip()
    # print(keys,j)
    if j.startswith("a") and j.endswith("c"):
        print(j)

三、输出商品列表，用户输入序号，显示用户选中的商品
   商品 li = ["手机", "电脑", '鼠标垫', '游艇']

goods_list = ["手机","电脑","鼠标垫","游艇"]

for k, v in enumerate(goods_list, 1):
    print(k, v)

while True:
    number = input("请输入序号:")
    if number.isdigit():
        number = int(number)
        if number > 0 and number <= len(goods_list):
            print(goods_list[number-1])
        else:
            print("你输入的序号不存在！")
            continue
    else:
        print("你输入的不是数字")
        continue

四、购物车
功能要求：
要求用户输入总资产，例如：2000
显示商品列表，让用户根据序号选择商品，加入购物车
购买，如果商品总额大于总资产，提示账户余额不足，否则，购买成功。
附加：可充值、某商品移除购物车

goods = [

    {"name": "电脑", "price": 1999},
    {"name": "鼠标", "price": 10},
    {"name": "游艇", "price": 20},
    {"name": "美女", "price": 998},
]

total = 20000
shopping_cart ={}
sum_shopping_price = 0
goods = [
    {"name": "电脑", "price": 1999},
    {"name": "鼠标", "price": 10},
    {"name": "游艇", "price": 20},
    {"name": "美女", "price": 998},
]
for i in goods:
    print(i["name"], i["price"])

while True:
    choice_goods = input("请选择商品：
(结算（j）：")
    # 循环所有商品，查找需要的商品
    if choice_goods == "j":
        break
    for item in goods:
        if item["name"] == choice_goods:
            # 选择商品加入购物车
            name = item["name"]
            if name not in shopping_cart.keys():
                shopping_cart[name] = {
                    "single_price": item['price'],
                    "num": 1,
                    }
                print("%s加入购物车" % name)
            else:
                shopping_cart[name]["num"] += 1
                print("%s该商品购买%s件" % (name, shopping_cart[name]["num"]))
# print(shopping_cart)
for k, v in shopping_cart.items():
    #{
    # '电脑': {'single_price': 1999, 'num': 1},
    # '鼠标': {'single_price': 10, 'num': 1},
    # '美女': {'single_price': 998, 'num': 1}
    # }
    x = v['single_price']
    y = v['num']
    single_shopping_price = x * y
    sum_shopping_price += 1

if sum_shopping_price < total:

    print("以下商品%s购买成功，剩余%s" % (shopping_cart,total-sum_shopping_price))
else:
    print("余额不足")

五、用户交互，显示省市县三级联动的选择

dic = {
    "河北": {
        "石家庄": ["鹿泉", "藁城", "元氏"],
        "邯郸": ["永年", "涉县", "磁县"],
    },
    "河南": {
        "郑州": ["鹿泉1", "藁城1", "元氏1"],
        "洛阳": ["永年1", "涉县1", "磁县1"],
    },
    "山西": {
        "太远": ["鹿泉2", "藁城2", "元氏2"],
        "大同": ["永年2", "涉县2", "磁县2"],
    }
}

dic = {
    "河北": {
        "石家庄": ["鹿泉", "藁城", "元氏"],
        "邯郸": ["永年", "涉县", "磁县"],
    },
    "河南": {
        "郑州": ["鹿泉1", "藁城1", "元氏1"],
        "洛阳": ["永年1", "涉县1", "磁县1"],
    },
    "山西": {
        "太远": ["鹿泉2", "藁城2", "元氏2"],
        "大同": ["永年2", "涉县2", "磁县2"],
    }
}
while True:
    for k in dic:
        print(k)
    i1 = input("请选择省份：")
    if i1 in dic.keys():
        #地级市
        one_city = dic[i1]
        for v in one_city:
            print(v)
        i2 = input("请选择地级市：")
        if i2 in one_city:
            #县城
            two_city = dic[i1][i2]
            for z in two_city:
                print(z)
            break
    else:
        print("你输入省份不存在")
        continue