xtrabackup备份与恢复实践

说明

xtrabackup --percona

特点：

开源，在线备份innodb表
支持限速备份，避免对业务造成影响
支持流备
支持增量备份
支持备份文件压缩与加密
支持并行备份与恢复，速度快

地址：https://www.percona.com/downloads/XtraBackup

xtrabackup备份原理

基于innodb的crash-recovery功能
备份期间允许用户读写，写请求产生redo日志
从磁盘上拷贝数据文件
从innodb redo log file实时拷贝走备份期间产生的所有redo日志
恢复的时候 数据文件+redo日志 = 一致性数据

实用脚本innobackupex

开源Perl脚本，封装调用xtrabackup及一系列相关工具与OS操作，最终完成备份过程
支持备份Innodb和其他引擎的表
备份一致性保证

安装问题

问题一：innobackupex发现mysql模块没有安装

140312 13:30:40 innobackupex: Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_file=/etc/my.cnf;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' as 'root' (using password: YES).

innobackupex: Error: Failed to connect to MySQL server as DBD::mysql module is not installed at /usr/local/mysql/bin/innobackupex line 2956.

因为环境是使用二进制文件安装的mysql，在Ubuntu下没有安装mysql-server；

解决：安装mysql-server

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server

innobackupex使用

全量备份
增量备份
流方式备份
并行备份
限流备份
压缩备份
常用参数介绍

1）全量备份：

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1643
160820 06:16:30  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:16:30  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!

　　#备份成功；

　　aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/

　　2016-08-20_06-16-26

2)增量备份，需指定上一次备份目录

注意：innobackupex 增量备份仅针对InnoDB这类支持事务的引擎，对于MyISAM等引擎，则仍然是全备。

增量备份：

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --incremental --incremental-dir dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-24-08'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:24:13  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:24:13  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
 
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-24-08

3)流式备份（）

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --stream=xbstream dbbackup/ > dbbackup/stream.bak
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:28:06  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:28:06  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
 
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-24-08  stream.bak

4)并行备份--使用4个线程

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --parallel=4 dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-36-34'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:36:38  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:36:38  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
 
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-24-08  2016-08-20_06-36-34  stream.bak

5)限流备份--读写速度限制10M

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --throttle=10 dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-38-26'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:38:31  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:38:31  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
 
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-36-34  stream.bak
2016-08-20_06-24-08  2016-08-20_06-38-26

6)压缩备份--可以指定压缩备份线程

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex-1.5.1 --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --compress --compress-thread 4 dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Backup created in directory '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-40-26'
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:40:30  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:40:30  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!
 
#备份成功
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-36-34  2016-08-20_06-40-26
2016-08-20_06-24-08  2016-08-20_06-38-26  stream.bak

7)常用参数

innobackupex --help | less

恢复

1.全量备份与恢复：

1）全量备份

mysql> show tables;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_tt |
+--------------+
| course       |
| t1           |
+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf dbbackup/
 
#备份成功；
aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26

2)删除表

mysql> drop table t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
 
mysql> show tables;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_tt |
+--------------+
| course       |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3)通过全量备份恢复

#只需通过apply-log指定备份文件

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --apply-log dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26
 
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1638934
160820 06:46:20  innobackupex: completed OK!

#回滚redo log文件；

aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26$ ls
backup-my.cnf  mysql               xtrabackup_binlog_info
ibdata1        performance_schema  xtrabackup_checkpoints
ib_logfile0    tt                  xtrabackup_logfile
ib_logfile1    xtrabackup_binary

4）复制恢复文件到数据目录

#注意：数据目录要求是空，最好先备份，再清空；

aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex  --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --user=root --password=000000 --copy-back 2016-08-20_06-16-26/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Copying '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ib_logfile1' to '/tmp/mysqldata/node1/ib_logfile1'
innobackupex-1.5.1: Finished copying back files.
160820 07:11:09  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!

5）查看

mysql> show tables;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_tt |
+--------------+
| course       |
| t1           |
+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.增量备份与恢复

#需指定上次备份目录

1)增加表zengliang;

mysql> show tables;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_tt |
+--------------+
| course       |
| t1           |
+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
mysql> create table zengliang(a int ,b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

2)增量备份

#注意--incremental-dir后面跟基础备份目录，之后再跟增量备份目录，

#与应用增量备份日志相反

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ innobackupex --user=root --password=000000 --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --incremental --incremental-dir dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ dbbackup/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000001', position 1749
160820 06:24:13  innobackupex-1.5.1: Connection to database server closed
160820 06:24:13  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!

#备份成功

aiapple@ubuntu:~$ ls dbbackup/
2016-08-20_06-16-26  2016-08-20_06-24-08

3）应用日志恢复数据

--apply-log 回滚日志

--redo-only 回滚合并（多个增量的时候，增量也需要用到，直到最后一个增量不用）

a)恢复完全备份数据

 aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only 2016-08-20_06-16-26

b)应用增量备份日志

#注意此时--incremental-dir后面跟的是增量备份的目录，之后再跟基础备份的目录；

#与增量备份相反

#注意：由于权限问题，使用innobackupex,应该使用root账户，不然这条不会通过；

  aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex --apply-log --incremental-dir=（增量备份目录） （基础备份目录）

#不知何原因总是不太容易成功；

4）复制恢复文件到数据目录

#注意：数据目录要求是空，最好先备份，再清空；

aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup$ innobackupex  --defaults-file=/tmp/mysqldata/my.cnf --user=root --password=000000 --copy-back 2016-08-20_06-16-26/
 
innobackupex-1.5.1: Copying '/home/aiapple/dbbackup/2016-08-20_06-16-26/ib_logfile1' to '/tmp/mysqldata/node1/ib_logfile1'
innobackupex-1.5.1: Finished copying back files.
 
160820 07:11:09  innobackupex-1.5.1: completed OK!

3.还原压缩

解压--innobackupex --decompress /dbbackup/(备份目录)

应用日志--innobackupex --apply-log /dbbackup/(压缩后目录)

4)还原流备

mkdir stream

xbstream -C stream -x < stream.bak

并行恢复--innobackupex --parallel=4 --apply-log --use-memory=200MB /dbbackup/stream

--use-memory：加快恢复速度；

binlog恢复

在备份恢复之后，使用binlog恢复没有备份的数据；

1）查看备份时binlog点；

aiapple@ubuntu:~/dbbackup/mysql3309$ cat xtrabackup_binlog_info
mysql-bin.000002    1467

2)使用mysqlbinlog分析二进制日志

aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv mysql-bin.000002 | less
# at 1958
#160820  9:10:29 server id 1  end_log_pos 2078 CRC32 0x683bcdc6     Query    thread_id=2    exec_time=0    error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1471698629/*!*/;
insert into t6 values(111,222),(333,444),(555,666)
/*!*/;
# at 2078
#160820  9:10:29 server id 1  end_log_pos 2109 CRC32 0xf264071a     Xid = 104
COMMIT/*!*/;
# at 2109
#160820  9:11:51 server id 1  end_log_pos 2184 CRC32 0x3f63ae99     Query    thread_id=2    exec_time=0    error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1471698711/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 2184
#160820  9:11:51 server id 1  end_log_pos 2298 CRC32 0x5c3b7667     Query    thread_id=2    exec_time=0    error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1471698711/*!*/;
insert into t6 values(11,22),(33,44),(55,66)
/*!*/;
# at 2298
#160820  9:11:51 server id 1  end_log_pos 2329 CRC32 0x4ea5c481     Xid = 114
COMMIT/*!*/;

可以看到结束节点在2298

3)使用mysqlbinlog+管道+mysql sock登陆

aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv --start-position=1467   --stop-position=2298 mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p --socket=/home/aiapple/dbbackup/mysql3309/mysql.sock

也可以按照时间恢复：

aiapple@ubuntu:/tmp/mysqldata/node1$ mysqlbinlog -vv --start-datetime='2016-08-20 9:03:58'   --stop-datetime='2016-08-20 9:11:51' mysql-bin.000002 | cat