005.Ansible的palybook简单使用

一 Ansible Playbook简介

ansbile-playbook是一系列ansible命令的集合,利用yaml 语言编写。playbook命令根据自上而下的顺序依次执行。同时,playbook开创了很多特性,它可以允许你传输某个命令的状态到后面的指令,如你可以从一台机器的文件中抓取内容并附为变量,然后在另一台机器中使用,这使得你可以实现一些复杂的部署机制,这是ansible命令无法实现的。

playbook通过ansible-playbook命令使用,它的参数和ansible命令类似,如参数-k(–ask-pass) 和 -K (–ask-sudo) 来询问ssh密码和sudo密码,-u指定用户,这些指令也可以通过规定的单元写在playbook 。
ansible-playbook的简单使用方法: ansible-playbook example-play.yml 。

二 Playbook基本语法

下面是一个简单的ansible-playbook示例,可以了解其构成:

# cat user.yml
- name: create user
  hosts: all
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: false
  vars:
    user:"test"
  tasks:
    - name: create  user
      user: name="{{ user }}"

配置项说明:

  • name:对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述,后面执行过程中,会打印 name变量的值
  • hosts:指定对哪些被管理机进行操作;
  • remote_user:指定在远程被管理机上执行操作时使用什么用户,如不指定,则使用ansible.cfg中配置的remote_user
  • gather_facts:指定在执行任务之前,是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息,如未用到,可不指定
  • vars:定义后续任务中会使用到的变量,如未用到,可不指定
  • tasks:定义具体需要执行的任务name:对任务的描述,在执行过程中会打印出来。
  • user:指定调用user模块;
  • name:user模块里的一个参数,用于指定创建的用户名称

同样,如果想实现把这个新增的用户删除,只需将该playbook文件的最后一行替换为如下行再执行相应的playbook即可:

user: name="{{ user }}" state=absent remove=yes

三 playbook组成

3.1 palybook简单演示

- name: configure nginx
  hosts: 192.168.132.133
  tasks:
    - name: install epel-release
      package: 
        name: epel-release 
        state: present
    - name: install nginx
      package: 
        name: nginx 
        state: present
    - name: create directory
      file: 
        path: ./file 
        state: directory 
        owner: nginx 
        group: nginx
    - name: copy file from remote serevr
      fetch: 
        src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 
        dest: file/
    - name: delete file of remote server
      file: 
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 
        state: absent
    - name: create a remote server file
      file: 
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html  
        state: touch  
        owner: nginx 
        group: nginx
    - name: content
      copy: 
        content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"  
        dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
    - name: start service
      systemd: 
        name: nginx 
        state: started 
        enabled: yes 
        daemon_reload: yes

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml

PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133            : ok=9    changed=7    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0  

查看192.168.132.133

[root@node3 ~]# rpm -qa |grep epel-release
epel-release-7-11.noarch
[root@node3 ~]# rpm -qa |grep  nginx
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-all-modules-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch
nginx-mod-mail-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-mod-stream-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-filesystem-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch
nginx-mod-http-perl-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
[root@node3 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-04-29 14:06:10 CST; 2min 25s ago
[root@node3 ~]# systemctl is-enabled nginx
enabled

访问

 

3.2 yml规则

yml文件它的基本语法规则如下。

  • 大小写敏感
  • 使用缩进表示层级关系
  • 缩进时不允许使用Tab键,只允许使用空格。
  • 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可

# 表示注释,从这个字符一直到行尾,都会被解析器忽略。

YAML 支持的数据结构有三种。

  • 对象:键值对的集合,又称为映射(mapping)/ 哈希(hashes) / 字典(dictionary)
  • 数组:一组按次序排列的值,又称为序列(sequence) / 列表(list)
  • 纯量(scalars):单个的、不可再分的值

ansible-playbook常用选项

3.3 ansible其他用法

1 打印详细信息

  • -v:打印任务运行结果
  • -vv:打印任务运行结果以及任务的配置信息
  • -vvv:包含了远程连接的一些信息
  • -vvvv:Adds extra verbosity options to the connection plug-ins,including the users being used in the managed hosts to execute scripts, and what scripts have been executed

 [root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml -v

2. 校验playbook语法

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml --syntax-check

playbook: nginx_config.yml

3. 测试运行playbook

通过-C选项可以测试playbook的执行情况,但不会真的执行:

 [root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook -C nginx_config.yml

4 Multiple Plays

# This is a simple playbook with two plays

- name: first play
  hosts: web.example.com
  tasks:
    - name: first task
      yum:
        name: httpd
        status: present
    - name: second task
      service:
        name: httpd
        state: started
    
- name: second play
  hosts: db.example.com
  tasks:
    - name: first task
      yum:
        name: mariadb-server
        status: present
    - name: second task
      service:
        name: mariadb
        state: started

四 playbook的结构说明

playbook是由一个或多个"play"组成的列表。play的主要功能就是对一组主机应用play中定义好的task。从根本上来讲一个task就是对ansible一个module的调用。而将多个play按照一定的顺序组织到一个playbook中,我们称之为编排。

playbook主要有以下四部分构成:

  • Target section: 用于定义将要执行playbook的远程主机组及远程主机组上的用户,还包括定义通过什么样的方式连接远程主机(默认ssh)
  • Variable section: 定义playbook运行时需要使用的变量
  • Task section: 定义将要在远程主机上执行的任务列表
  • Handler section: 定义task执行完成以后需要调用的任务

4.1 Target section

playbook中的每一个play的目的都是为了让某个或某些主机以某个指定的用户身份执行任务。

Playbook中的远程用户

playbook中的远程用户和ad-hoc中的使用没有区别,默认不定义,则直接使用ansible.cfg配置中的用户相关的配置。也可在playbook中定义如下:

- name: /etc/hosts is up to date
  hosts: datacenter
  remote_user: automation
  become: yes
  become_mothod: sudo
  become_user: root
  
  tasks:
    - name: server.example.com in /etc/hosts
      lineinfile:
        path: /etc/hosts
        line: '192.168.0.200 server.exmaple.com server'
        state: present

Playbook中的hosts

playbook中的hosts即inentory中的定义主机与主机组,在《Ansible Inventory》中我们讲到了如何选择主机与主机组,在这里也完全适用。

4.2 Variable section

定义playbook运行时需要使用的变量

- name : test vars
  hosts: node2
  remote_user: ansible
  become_user: root
  become_method: sudo

  vars:
    user:
      name: "user1"
      address: "IPaddr"
  tasks:
    - name: "print"
      debug:
        msg: "{{ user }}"

执行

PLAY [test vars] ******************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [node2]
TASK [print] **********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [node2] => {
    "msg": {
        "address": "IPaddr", 
        "name": "user1"
    }
}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
node2                      : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0  

4.3 Task section

play的主体部分是任务列表。

任务列表中的各任务按次序逐个在hosts中指定的所有主机上执行,在所有主机上完成第一个任务后再开始第二个。在自上而下运行某playbook时,如果中途发生错误,则整个playbook会停止执行,由于playbook的幂等性,playbook可以被反复执行,所以即使发生了错误,在修复错误后,再执行一次即可。

定义task可以使用action: module optionsmodule: options的格式,推荐使用后者以实现向后兼容。

tasks:
  - name: make sure apache is running
    service: 
      name: httpd
      state: started
      
  - name: disable selinux
    command: /sbin/setenforce 0

如果命令或脚本的退出码不为零可以使用如下方式替代:

tasks:
  - name: run this command and ignore the result
    shell: /usr/bin/somecommand || /bin/true

可以使用ignore_errors来忽略错误信息:

tasks:
  - name: run this command and ignore the result
    shell: /usr/bin/somecommand
    ignore_errors: True

4.4 Handler section

  • 在Ansible Playbook中,handler事实上也是个task,只不过这个task默认并不执行,只有在被触发时才执行。

  • handler通过notify来监视某个或者某几个task,一旦task执行结果发生变化,则触发handler,执行相应操作。

  • handler会在所有的play都执行完毕之后才会执行,这样可以避免当handler监视的多个task执行结果都发生了变化之后而导致handler的重复执行(handler只需要在最后执行一次即可)。

在notify中定义内容一定要和tasks中定义的 - name 内容一样,这样才能达到触发的效果,否则会不生效。

- name: configure nginx
  hosts: 192.168.132.133
  tasks:
    - name: install epel-release
      package:
        name: epel-release
        state: present
    - name: install nginx
      package:
        name: nginx
        state: present
      notify: restart nginx
    - name: create directory
      file:
        path: ./file
        state: directory
        owner: nginx
        group: nginx
    - name: copy file from remote serevr
      fetch:
        src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
        dest: file/
    - name: delete file of remote server
      file:
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
        state: absent
    - name: create a remote server file
      file:
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
        state: touch
        owner: nginx
        group: nginx
    - name: content
      copy:
        content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"
        dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
    - name: start service
      systemd:
        name: nginx
        state: started
        enabled: yes
        daemon_reload: yes
  handlers:
    - name: restart nginx
      systemd:
        name: nginx
        daemon_reload: yes
        state: restarted

执行

PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133            : ok=9    changed=3    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0  

没有触发,试音并没有change

- name: configure nginx
  hosts: 192.168.132.133
  tasks:
    - name: install epel-release
      package: 
        name: epel-release 
        state: present
    - name: install nginx
      package: 
        name: nginx 
        state: present
    - name: create directory
      file: 
        path: ./file 
        state: directory 
        owner: nginx 
        group: nginx
    - name: copy file from remote serevr
      fetch: 
        src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 
        dest: file/
    - name: delete file of remote server
      file: 
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 
        state: absent
      notify: restart nginx
    - name: create a remote server file
      file: 
        path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html  
        state: touch  
        owner: nginx 
        group: nginx
    - name: content
      copy: 
        content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"  
        dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
    - name: start service
      systemd: 
        name: nginx 
        state: started 
        enabled: yes 
        daemon_reload: yes
  handlers: 
    - name: restart nginx
      systemd: 
        name: nginx
        daemon_reload: yes
        state: restarted  

执行

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook  nginx_config.yml 

PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
RUNNING HANDLER [restart nginx] ***************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133            : ok=10   changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0

触发执行

一个任务可以触发多个handlers

notify: 
  - restart nginx
  - restart redis

默认情况下,在一个play中,只要有task执行失败,则play终止,即使是与handler关联的task在失败的task之前运行成功了,handler也不会被执行。如果希望在这种情况下handler仍然能够执行,则需要使用如下配置:

- hosts: all
  force_handlers: yes
  tasks:
    - name: a task which always notifies its handler
      command: /bin/true
      notify: restart the database
    - name: a task which fails because the package doesn't exist
      yum:
        name: notapkg
        state: latest
      
  handlers:
    - name: restart the database
      service:
        name: mariadb

如果与handler关联的task还未执行,在其前的task已经失败,整个play终止,则handler未被触发,也不会执行


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原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zyxnhr/p/12804153.html