获得数据库和表的信息
一般正常的程序员或DBA都会在敲代码的时候突然想到这样的一系列问题：我是谁?我在哪？我在干什么？ 我的数据库呢?我的表呢？我表怎么创建的？我该怎么办呢？你可能会想到SHOW DATABASES; 命令。But, 这个命令是列出由mysql管理的databases. 不是知道我再哪的命令。到底哪个命令是呢？
我左某人在翻阅上古的典籍的时候查到这样的一个命令：
SELECT DATABASE();
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| test |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
显而易见，这是一个告诉我我再哪个数据库的命令。然后肯定会有一群二五仔问：我要是没有进入任何数据库那会显示什么呢？
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| NULL |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
当然是NULL了，还能有什么？
现在，我们找到了正在使用的数据库（test） 。然后，该找要找的表了，比如说（pet）。 根据古籍上面的记载应该使用如下的命令：
SHOW TABLES;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| event |
| pet |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
And then I want to know 表的结构。What should I do?
DESCRIBE pet;
mysql> DESCRIBE pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
老司机一般都简写成
DESC pet;
Field 表示列名字
Type表示列的数据类型
Null表示能否为NULL
Key表示是否被索引
Default表示字段的默认值
如果表有索引，SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name 显示索引的信息。
常用查询的例子
在搞事情之前，肯定要先建一个表:假定有一个表（shop）来存储某商人（）的每件物品（）的价格（）。（物品、商人作为主键）
操作如下：
mysql> CREATE TABLE shop(
-> article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
-> dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
-> price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.56 sec)
mysql>
然后插入一些数据：
mysql> INSERT INTO shop VALUES
-> (1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),
-> (3,'C',1.69),(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.24 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql>
查看一下表：
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | A | 3.45 |
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | B | 1.45 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0003 | D | 1.25 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
然后我们就可以学习后面的内容了
列的最大值
举例：在shop中的最大的物品号？
操作如下：
SELECT MAX(article) FROM shop;
mysql> SELECT MAX(article) FROM shop;
+--------------+
| MAX(article) |
+--------------+
| 4 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
举例：找最贵的商品
操作如下：
SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop;
mysql> SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop;
+------------+
| MAX(price) |
+------------+
| 19.95 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
知道MAX()函数是干啥的了吧。
拥有某个列的最大值的行
栗子：查询最贵的商品的信息
操作如下：
SELECT * FROM shop WHERE price = (SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop);
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop
-> WHERE price =
-> (SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop);
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
还有一种操作：
SELECT * FROM shop ORDER BY price DESC LIMIT 1;
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop
-> ORDER BY price DESC
-> LIMIT 1;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
前者是一个嵌套查询，后者是根据价格排序只显示一个。
列的最大值：按组
栗子：每项物品（article）的最高价格是多少?
操作如下：
SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price FROM shop GROUP BY article;
mysql> SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price
-> FROM shop
-> GROUP BY article;
+---------+-------+
| article | price |
+---------+-------+
| 0001 | 3.99 |
| 0002 | 10.99 |
| 0003 | 1.69 |
| 0004 | 19.95 |
+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
拥有某个字段的组间最大值的行
并不明白标题是啥意思。。。。
栗子：对每项物品，找出最贵价格的物品的经销商。
操作如下：
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop s1
WHERE price = (SELECT MAX(price)
FROM shop s2
WHERE s1.article = s2.article);
mysql> SELECT article, dealer, price
-> FROM shop s1
-> WHERE price = (SELECT MAX(s2.price)
-> FROM shop s2
-> WHERE s1.article = s2.article);
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这里书上没写为什么，自己也不是十分理解。求懂的大佬在评论区讲解●﹏●。
使用用户变量
栗子：找出价格最高或最低的物品
操作如下：
SELECT @min_price:=MIN(price), @max_price:=MAX(price) FORM shop;
SELECT * FROM shop WHERE price = @min_price OR price = @max_price;
mysql> SELECT @min_price:=MIN(price), @max_price:=MAX(price) FROM shop;
+------------------------+------------------------+
| @min_price:=MIN(price) | @max_price:=MAX(price) |
+------------------------+------------------------+
| 1.25 | 19.95 |
+------------------------+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.13 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop WHERE price=@min_price OR price = @max_price;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0003 | D | 1.25 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.09 sec)
mysql>
关于用户变量后面会有的，好奇的鸨鸨可以百度。
使用外键
多说无意 直接上操作， 上面有一个传送门，讲的很不错了。
CREATE TABLE person (
id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name CHAR(60) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE shirt (
id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL,
color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL,
owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES person(id),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');
SELECT @last := LAST_INSERT_ID();
INSERT INTO shirt VALUES
(NULL, 'polo', 'blue', @last),
(NULL, 'dress', 'white', @last),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', @last);
INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');
SELECT @last := LAST_INSERT_ID();
INSERT INTO shirt VALUES
(NULL, 'dress', 'orange', @last),
(NULL, 'polo', 'red', @last),
(NULL, 'dress', 'blue', @last),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', @last);
SELECT * FROM person;
+----+---------------------+
| id | name |
+----+---------------------+
| 1 | Antonio Paz |
| 2 | Lilliana Angelovska |
+----+---------------------+
SELECT * FROM shirt;
+----+---------+--------+-------+
| id | style | color | owner |
+----+---------+--------+-------+
| 1 | polo | blue | 1 |
| 2 | dress | white | 1 |
| 3 | t-shirt | blue | 1 |
| 4 | dress | orange | 2 |
| 5 | polo | red | 2 |
| 6 | dress | blue | 2 |
| 7 | t-shirt | white | 2 |
+----+---------+--------+-------+
SELECT s.* FROM person p, shirt s
WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%'
AND s.owner = p.id
AND s.color <> 'white';
+----+-------+--------+-------+
| id | style | color | owner |
+----+-------+--------+-------+
| 4 | dress | orange | 2 |
| 5 | polo | red | 2 |
| 6 | dress | blue | 2 |
+----+-------+--------+-------+
我错了，网断了。只好拷贝书上的代码了。
mysql> show create table shirtG
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: shirt
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `shirt` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`style` enum('t-shirt','polo','dress') NOT NULL,
`color` enum('red','blue','orange','white','black') NOT NULL,
`owner` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
外键其实没啥讲的，也就一篇博客的事儿（手动滑稽）
to be continued...
