转载自：http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/5611672
一、密码文件
作用：主要进行DBA权限的身份认证 DBA用户：具有sysdba，sysoper权限的用户被称为dba用户。默认情况下sysdba角色中存在sys用户，sysoper角色中存在system用户
二、Oracle的两种认证方式：
1.使用与操作系统集成的身份验证 2.使用Oracle数据库的密码文件进行身份认证
三、密码文件的位置
Linux下的存放位置： $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw$ORACLE_SID ，即：ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw<sid> Windows下的存放位置:$ORACLE_HOME/database/PWD%ORACLE_SID%.ora 密码文件查找的顺序 ：--->orapw<sid>--->orapw--->Failure 两种认证方式：类似于SQL server中的windows认证和SQL server认证 决定在两个参数中 1.remote_login_passwordfile = none | exclusive |shared 位于$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora参数文件中 none : 不使用密码文件认证 exclusive :要密码文件认证，自己独占使用(默认值) shared ：要密码文件认证，不同实例dba用户可以共享密码文件 2. $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none | all | ntf(windows) none : 表示关闭操作系统认证，只能密码认证 all : 用于linux或unix平台，关闭本机密码文件认证，采用操作系统认证，但远程<异机>可以使用密码文件认证 nts : 用于windows平台 不同的组合 1 2 none none sys用户无论是本机还是远程均不可用 判断当前使用的是操作系统认证还是密码认证
四、演示：
--1.在sqlnet.ora中追加SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none */ [oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba /*登陆失败*/ SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:41:28 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges Enter user-name: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus sys/redhat as sysdba /*使用密码文件认证，登陆成功*/ SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:42:35 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production With the Partitioning, OLAPand Data Mining options SQL> --================================================================================= --2.将SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES的值改为all [oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus / as sysdba /*采用本机认证可以登陆*/ SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:46:55 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production With the Partitioning, OLAPand Data Mining options SQL> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus sys/redhat@orclas sysdba /*使用密码文件登陆认证失败*/ SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:48:35 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. ERROR: ORA-12641: Authenticationservice failed to initialize Enter user-name: --注：此时可以使用远程登陆。 --使用#符号将新增的SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES行注释掉恢复到缺省值
五、密码文件的建立：orapwd
[oracle@robinson ~]$ orapwd
Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users> force=<y/n>
where
file - name of password file (mand), /*密码文件的名字orapw<sid>*/
password - password for SYS (mand), /*sys用户的密码*/
entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and /*可以有多少个sysdba,sysoper权限用户放到密码文件中去，去掉重复记录*/
/*注意entries中存放的个数但不是实际个数，这个是二进制数据*/
force - whether to overwrite existingfile (opt),/*10g新增的参数，默认值为n ,y表示允许覆盖*/
OPERs (opt),
There are no spaces around the equal-to(=) character.
--修改密码：
[oracle@robinson ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ ll orapworcl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Apr 7 15:50 orapworcl
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=oracle force=y
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@orclas sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 11:34:09 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production
With the Partitioning, OLAPand Data Mining options
SQL>
--将密码改回原来的密码
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat
OPW-00005:File with same name exists - pleasedelete or rename
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat force=y
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ rm orapworcl /*删除密码文件*/
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat/*重建密码文件*/
--演示将entries改为，然后将多个用户设置为sysdba或sysoper
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat entries=1
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
E100B964899CDDDF
--创建PL/SQL增加个新用户
SQL> begin
2 for iin 1..20 loop
3 execute immediate'create user u'||i||' identified by u'||i||'';
4 end loop;
5 end;
6 /
--将新用户赋予sysdba角色
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> begin
2 for iin 1..20 loop
3 execute immediate'grant sysdba to u'||i||'';
4 end loop;
5 end;
6 /
begin /*得到和密码文件相关的错误提示*/
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01996:GRANT failed: passwordfile '' is full
ORA-06512: at line 3
--再次查看orapworcl发现多出了行，即当设置为的时候多出了个用户。原因是该密码文件是二进制文件，按矩阵计算可存放多少
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
E100B964899CDDDF
3E81B724A296E296
668509DF9DD36B43
9CE6AF1E3F609FFC
7E19965085C9ED47
--注意不要轻易删掉密码文件，这样会将其他账户的信息也删除
六、导致密码文件内容修改的几种方式：
1.使用orapwd建立，修改密码文件，不建议使用 2.使用alter user sys identified by <> 3.使用grant sysdba to <>或grant sysoper to <>或revoke sysdba |sysoper from <>
七、查看密码文件内容
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file INTERNAL F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB E100B964899CDDDF --当sys密码不记得可以使用OS系统身份认证登陆到sqlplus,再使用alter user修改密码 SQL> alteruser sys identified by oracle; User altered --再次查看密码文件与上一次对比，已经发生变化 SQL> ho strings orapworcl ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file INTERNAL AB27B53EDC5FEF41 8A8F025737A9097A --通过授予权限来修改密码，密码文件中多出了scott的信息 SQL> grant sysdbato scott; Grant succeeded. SQL> ho strings orapworcl ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file INTERNAL AB27B53EDC5FEF41 8A8F025737A9097A SCOTT F894844C34402B67 --注意此处中登陆后，显示的账户信息还是sys,而不是scott,但此时的scott已经具备了sys权限 [oracle@robinson dbs]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orclas sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production on Fri Apr 9 11:56:09 2010 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0- Production With the Partitioning, OLAPand Data Mining options SQL> show user USER is "SYS"
八、sysdba与sysoper的区别:
SQL> select* from system_privilege_mapwhere name like '%SYS%';
PRIVILEGE NAME PROPERTY
---------- ---------------------------------------- ----------
-3 ALTER SYSTEM 0
-4 AUDIT SYSTEM 0
-83 SYSDBA 0
-84 SYSOPER 0
--下面的链接是两者不同的权限说明
http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14231/dba.htm#sthref137
The manner in which you are authorized to use these privileges depends upon the methodof authentication that you use.
When you connect with SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges, you connectwith a default schema, not with theschema that is generally associatedwith your username.
For SYSDBA this schemais SYS; for SYSOPER the schema is PUBLIC.
--两者的schema不同
SQL> show user
USER is "SYS"
SQL> conn /as sysoper
Connected.
SQL> show user
USER is "PUBLIC"
--查看密码文件视图，可以得到哪些用户为sysdba,哪些用户为sysoper
SQL> select* from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SCOTT TRUE FALSE
USER1 FALSE TRUE
--下面演示了使用不同的角色来登陆
SQL> conn scott/tiger@orclas sysdba
Connected.
SQL> conn scott/tiger@orclas sysoper /*scott的sysop列为false*/
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn user1/user1@orclas sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL> conn user1/user1as sysoper
Connected.