面向对象编程进阶

1、   静态方法staticmethod

只是名义上归类管理,实际上再静态方法里访问不了类和实例中的任何属性

定义:

通过@staticmethod装饰器即可以把其装饰的方法变为一个静态方法,普通的方法可以在实例化之后直接调用,并且在方法里可以通过self调用实例变量或类变量,但静态方法是不可以访问实例变量或类变量。

如果按照之前学习的面向对象,写一个简单的代码如下:

1 class Dog(object):    
2 def __init__(self,name):
3         self.name = name
4 
5     def eat(self,food):
6         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,food))
7 
8 d =Dog("小A")
9 d.eat("包子")

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法1.py
2 小A is eating 包子
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

接着对代码进行修改

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     @staticmethod  
 6     def eat(self,food):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,food))
 8 
 9 
10 d = Dog("小A")
11 d.eat("包子")

运行结果:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 Traceback (most recent call last):
3   File "D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py", line 14, in <module>
4     d.eat("包子")
5 TypeError: eat() missing 1 required positional argument: 'food'
6 
7 Process finished with exit code 1

出现了如上述的错误,为了避免food参数的问题,我们再次将代码进行修改:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     @staticmethod
 6     def eat(self):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
 8 
 9 
10 d = Dog("小A")
11 d.eat()

但是运行结果仍然出现如下错误:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 Traceback (most recent call last):
3   File "D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py", line 14, in <module>
4     d.eat()
5 TypeError: eat() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
6 
7 Process finished with exit code 1

其实这就是静态方法,这个时候eat函数和类其实没有上面关系,也可以说静态方法阶段了函数和类的关系

我们再次将代码进行更改:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     @staticmethod
 6     def eat():
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %("小A","包子"))
 8 
 9 
10 d = Dog("小A")
11 d.eat()

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 小A is eating 包子
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

如果非要传入参数可以将代码更改为,但是下面的代码意义不是特别大:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     @staticmethod
 6     def eat(self):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
 8 
 9 
10 d = Dog("小A")
11 d.eat(d)

运行结果也是正常的

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 小A is eating 包子
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

2、  类方法classmethod

类方法只能访问类变量,不能访问实例变量

我们先写如下代码

1 #AUTHOR:FAN
2 class Dog(object):
3     def __init__(self,name):
4         self.name = name
5     @classmethod
6     def eat(self):
7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
8 d = Dog("dean")
9 d.eat()

运行结果出现如下错误:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/类方法2.py
2 Traceback (most recent call last):
3   File "D:/python培训/s14/day7/类方法2.py", line 15, in <module>
4     d.eat()
5   File "D:/python培训/s14/day7/类方法2.py", line 7, in eat
6     print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
7 AttributeError: type object 'Dog' has no attribute 'name'
8 
9 Process finished with exit code 1

上述显示无法调用到name

将代码进行修改

1 class Dog(object):
2     name = "AAA"
3     def __init__(self,name):
4         self.name = name
5     @classmethod
6     def eat(self):
7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
8 d = Dog("dean")
9 d.eat()

运行效果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/类方法2.py
2 AAA is eating 包子
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

从上面的运行结果可以看出虽然我实例化的时候传入了dean但是确实类变量AAA

3、属性方法property

将一个方法变成一个静态属性

我们先写如下代码:

1 class Dog(object):
2     def __init__(self,name):
3         self.name = name
4     @property
5     def eat(self):
6         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
7 d = Dog("dean")
8 d.eat()

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/属性方法2.py
2 dean is eating 包子
3 Traceback (most recent call last):
4   File "D:/python培训/s14/day7/属性方法2.py", line 9, in <module>
5     d.eat()
6 TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
7 
8 Process finished with exit code 1

所以我将代码进行修改(将d.eat()改为d.eat):

1 #AUTHOR:FAN
2 class Dog(object):
3     def __init__(self,name):
4         self.name = name
5     @property
6     def eat(self):
7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,"包子"))
8 d = Dog("dean")
9 d.eat

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/属性方法2.py
2 dean is eating 包子
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

从上面可以看出将一个方法变成一个静态属性

但是这个时候也同样发现无法传参数了。并且及时是已经是一个静态属性了,也是不能赋值的

如果想要赋值,可以将代码进行如下修改:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2     def __init__(self,name):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.__food = None
 5     @property
 6     def eat(self):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,self.__food))
 8     @eat.setter
 9     def eat(self,food):
10         print("set to food:",food)
11         self.__food = "包子"
12 d = Dog("dean")
13 d.eat
14 d.eat="包子"
  d.eat

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/属性方法2.py
2 dean is eating None
3 set to food: 包子
4 dean is eating 包子
5 
6 Process finished with exit code 0

这样通过上面的方法就可以对其作为属性进行赋值修改

但是默认情况下属性方法是无法删除的,如果想要删除,需要:

 1 #AUTHOR:FAN
 2 class Dog(object):
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5         self.__food = None
 6     @property
 7     def eat(self):
 8         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,self.__food))
 9     @eat.setter
10     def eat(self,food):
11         print("set to food:",food)
12         self.__food = "包子"
13     @eat.deleter
14     def eat(self):
15         del self.__food
16         print("删完了")
17 
18 d = Dog("dean")
19 d.eat
20 d.eat="包子"
21 d.eat
22 del d.eat

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/属性方法2.py
2 dean is eating None
3 set to food: 包子
4 dean is eating 包子
5 删完了
6 
7 Process finished with exit code 0

4、 类的特殊成员方法

__doc__表示类的描述信息

__module__表示当前操作的对象在哪个模块

__class__表示当前操作的对象的类是什么

__init__构造方法,通过类创建对象时,自动触发执行

__del__ 析构函数,当对象在内存中释放时,自动触发执行

__call__对象后面加括号,触发执行

代码例子:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     # @staticmethod
 6     def eat(self,food):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,food))
 8     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 9         print("running call",args,kwargs)
10 
11 
12 d = Dog("小A")
13 d(1,2,3,4,name="dean")

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 running call (1, 2, 3, 4) {'name': 'dean'}
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

__dict__查看类或对象中的所有成员

代码例子:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2 
 3     def __init__(self,name):
 4         self.name = name
 5     # @staticmethod
 6     def eat(self,food):
 7         print("%s is eating %s" %(self.name,food))
 8     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 9         print("running call",args,kwargs)
10 
11 
12 d = Dog("小A")
13 # d(1,2,3,4,name="dean")
14 print(Dog.__dict__)
15 print(d.__dict__)

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/静态方法.py
2 {'__doc__': None, 'eat': <function Dog.eat at 0x0000000000B6E378>, '__init__': <function Dog.__init__ at 0x0000000000B6E2F0>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Dog' objects>, '__call__': <function Dog.__call__ at 0x0000000000B6E400>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Dog' objects>, '__module__': '__main__'}
3 {'name': '小A'}
4 Process finished with exit code 0

从上面例子也可以看出print(Dog.__dict__)打印类里的所有属性,不包括实例属性

print(d.__dict__)打印所有实例属性,不包括类属性

__str__如果一个类中定义了__str__方法,那么在打印对象时,默认输出该方法的返回值

__getitem__ __setitem__ __telitem__

用于索引操作,如字典。以上分别表示获取,设置、删除数据

__new__

代码如下:

1 class Foo(object):
2     def __init__(self,name):
3         self.name = name
4 
5 f = Foo("dean")
6 print(type(f))
7 
8 print((type(Foo)))

在上述代码中f是通过Foo实例化的对象,其实不仅f是一个对象,Foo类本身也是一个对象,因为在python中一切事物都是对象

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/__new__.py
2 <class '__main__.Foo'>
3 <class 'type'>
4 
5 Process finished with exit code 0

上面的输出同样表示了:

<class ‘__main__.Foo’>表示f对象由Foo类创建

<class 'type'> 表示Foo类对象由type类创建

 

所以从上面也可以得出f对象时Foo类的一个实例,Foo类对象时type类的一个实例,即Foo类对象时通过type类构造方法创建的

所以创建类就可以有两种方法:

普通方法

1 class Foo(object):
2     def func(self):
3         print("hello dean")

特殊方法

1 def func(self):
2     print("hello dean")
3 Foo = type('Foo',(object,),{'talk':func})
4 f = Foo()
5 f.talk()
6 print(type(Foo))

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/__new__.py
2 hello dean
3 <class 'type'>
4 
5 Process finished with exit code 0

从这里也可以看出type就是类的类,所有的类都是通过type创建的

将上述代码进行修改:

 1 def func(self):
 2     print("hello dean")
 3     
 4 def __init(self ,name,age):
 5     self.name = name
 6     self.age = age
 7 Foo = type('Foo',(object,),{'talk':func,
 8                             '__init__':__init})
 9 f = Foo("dean",23)
10 print(f.name)
11 print(f.age)
12 f.talk()
13 print(type(Foo))

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/__new__.py
2 dean
3 23
4 hello dean
5 <class 'type'>
6 
7 Process finished with exit code 0

5、 反射

getattr(obj,name_str)判断一个对象obj里是否有对应name_str的字符串的方法映射

getattr(obj,name_str) 根据字符串去获取obj对象里的对应的方法的内存地址

代码例子:

 1 class Dog(object):
 2     def __init__(self,name):
 3         self.name = name
 4     
 5     def eat(self):
 6         print("%s is eating..." %self.name)
 7 
 8 
 9 d = Dog("dean")
10 choice = input(">>>:").strip()
11 #
12 # print(hasattr(d,choice))
13 # print(getattr(d,choice))
14 #
15 # getattr(d,choice)()
16 if hasattr(d,choice):
17     func = getattr(d,choice)
18     func()

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/反射1.py
2 >>>:eat
3 dean is eating...
4 
5 Process finished with exit code 0

如果输入的字符串对应的方法不存在的情况让添加外面的类:代码如下,

 1 def bulk(self):
 2         print("%s is yelling....." %self.name)
 3 
 4 class Dog(object):
 5     def __init__(self,name):
 6         self.name = name
 7 
 8     def eat(self):
 9         print("%s is eating..." %self.name)
10 
11 
12 d = Dog("dean")
13 choice = input(">>>:").strip()
14 
15 if hasattr(d,choice):
16         func = getattr(d,choice)
17 func()
18 else:
19         setattr(d,choice,bulk)
20         d.talk(d)

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/反射1.py
2 >>>:talk
3 dean is yelling.....
4 
5 Process finished with exit code 0

setattr(obj,’y’,z) 相当于x.y = v

代码例子:

1 if hasattr(d,choice):
2     func = getattr(d,choice)
3     func()
4 else:
5     setattr(d,choice,22)
6     print(getattr(d,choice))

删除是delattr(d,choice)

6、异常处理

语法:

1 try:
2         pass
3 except Exception as e:
4         pass

一个简单的例子:

1 name =[1,2,3]
2 
3 try:
4         name[4]
5 except IndexError as e:
6         print(e)

如果想要同时抓多个错误的方法:

1 try:
2         code
3 except(Error1,Error2) as e:
4         print(e)

如果想要一次性抓住所有错误可以用Exceptions(一般不用,无法定位错误,但是一般放到最后面,用于提示未知错误):

1 name =[1,2,3]
2 
3 try:
4         name[4]
5 except Exceptions e:
6         print(e)

else 表示一切正常

finally 表示不管有没有错都执行

一些常见的异常:

 1 AttributeError 试图访问一个对象没有的树形,比如foo.x,但是foo没有属性x
 2 IOError 输入/输出异常;基本上是无法打开文件
 3 ImportError 无法引入模块或包;基本上是路径问题或名称错误
 4 IndentationError 语法错误(的子类) ;代码没有正确对齐
 5 IndexError 下标索引超出序列边界,比如当x只有三个元素,却试图访问x[5]
 6 KeyError 试图访问字典里不存在的键
 7 KeyboardInterrupt Ctrl+C被按下
 8 NameError 使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量
 9 SyntaxError Python代码非法,代码不能编译(个人认为这是语法错误,写错了)
10 TypeError 传入对象类型与要求的不符合
11 UnboundLocalError 试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量,基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量,
12 导致你以为正在访问它
13 ValueError 传入一个调用者不期望的值,即使值的类型是正确的

自定义异常代码例子:

 1 class myerror(Exception):
 2         def __init__(self, msg):
 3             self.message = msg
 4 
 5 try:
 6         name = []
 7         name = [3]
 8         raise myerror('我的异常')
 9 except myerror as e:
10         print(e)

运行结果如下:

1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/自定义异常.py
2 我的异常
3 
4 Process finished with exit code 0

7、 socket编程

一个简单的例子:

服务端:

 1 import socket
 2 server = socket.socket()
 3 server.bind(('127.0.0.1',6969)) #绑定要监听的端口
 4 server.listen()#监听
 5 
 6 print("我要开始等电话了")
 7 #conn就是客户端连过来而在服务器端为其生成的一个连接实例
 8 conn,addr = server.accept()#等待电话打来
 9 
10 print("电话来了")
11 
12 data = conn.recv(1024)
13 print("recv:",data)
14 conn.send(data.upper())
15 
16 server.close()

客户端:

 1 import socket
 2 
 3 client = socket.socket()
 4 client.connect(('127.0.0.1',6969))
 5 
 6 client.send(b"Hello world")
 7 data = client.recv(1204)
 8 print("recv:",data)
 9 
10 client.close()

先运行服务端,在运行客户端,结果如下:

 1 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/socket_server1.py
 2 我要开始等电话了
 3 电话来了
 4 recv: b'Hello world'
 5 
 6 Process finished with exit code 0
 7 D:python35python.exe D:/python培训/s14/day7/socket_client1.py
 8 recv: b'HELLO WORLD'
 9 
10 Process finished with exit code 0

将上述代码进行改进:

服务端:

 1 import socket
 2 server = socket.socket()
 3 server.bind(('127.0.0.1',6969)) #绑定要监听的端口
 4 server.listen()#监听
 5 
 6 print("我要开始等电话了")
 7 while True:
 8     # conn就是客户端连过来而在服务器端为其生成的一个连接实例
 9     conn, addr = server.accept()  # 等待电话打来
10     print("电话来了")
11     while True:
12         data = conn.recv(1024)
13         print("recv:",data)
14         if not data:
15             print("client has lost....")
16             break
17         conn.send(data.upper())
18 server.close()

客户端:

 1 import socket
 2 
 3 client = socket.socket()
 4 client.connect(('127.0.0.1',6969))
 5 while True:
 6         msg = input(">>:").strip()
 7         client.send(msg.encode("utf-8"))
 8         data = client.recv(1204)
 9         print("recv:",data.decode())
10 
11 client.close()

上述代码改进后可以在客户端断开后,服务端不会进入死循环没如果这个时候有新的客户端进入,可以继续通讯

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaof/p/5849764.html