网络虚拟化

介绍

https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000004059167

在专业的网络世界中,经常使用到Virtual Routing and Forwarding(VRF),比如Cisco,Alcatel-Lucent, Juniper 等。对于L2 switch,自从上世纪90年代就开始使用VLAN,一个物理交换机上可以使用多个广播域,如今大多数交换机都支持4K vlan。

这个概念被引入到L3,如今很多网络设备支持VRF。这意味着,单个物理设备上可运行多个虚拟路由(L3 转发实例)。

在linux中,VRF被叫做“network namespace”。

每个network namespace拥有其对应的路由表(routing table)& 其对应的iptables,并且运行程序运行其中。 为什么有人使用它?比如一个运行在linux上的 Firewall,将firewall的所有服务端口分配给一个network namespace,这样,默认的network namespace 和 Firewall network namespace就运行着不同的路由表。像SSH这样的application运行在默认的network namespace,但是不在Firewall network namespace。

下面展示了其基本用法。

Basic network namespace commands

基本命令为“ip”,有些用户使用它来代替废弃的 ifconfig,route,netstat... 必须为root用户来使用它,这样才能更改network stack的配置。下面是ip命令和其他命令的映射:

ifconfig                                            --> ip addr or just ip a
ifconfig <interface> up/down                        --> ip link set dev <interface> up/down
ifconfig <interface> <ip> netmask <netmask>         --> ip addr add <ip>/<masklen> dev <interface>
netstat -rn                                         --> ip route or just ip r
route add -net <net> netmask <netmask> gw <gateway> --> ip r add <net>/<netmasklen> via <gateway>

Check your Linux for namespace support

使用前,先检查系统是否支持。

Creating a network namespace

# add a new namespace
ip netns add <network namespace name>
#Example:
ip netns add nstest

Listing all existing network namespaces in the system

# list all namespaces
ip netns list
#will show the namespace from above
 
nstest

Deleting a network namespace

ip netns delete <network namespace name>

Executing a command in a network namespace

下面展示了使程序运行在network namespace中的“黑魔法”。

# execute a command in a namespace
ip netns exec <network namespace name> <command>
#Example using the namespace from above:
ip netns exec nstest ip addr

展示了在此network namespace中的所有的ip interface

lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

一个脏技巧是在network namespace中运行shell:

ip netns exec <network namespace name> bash

现在,你已经“trapped”入namespace中了,exit退出。

Exploring the network namespace

当我们已经创建了network namespace,第一个task是bring up其中的lo interface。应该注意到的是,在创建了network namespace后,lo interface的状态是down。如果忽略了这个,可能会发生一些奇怪的事。

# set the link of lo in the namespace to up
ip netns exec nstest ip link set dev lo up
# list all interfaces and the state in the namespace 
ip netns exec nstest ip link

现在lo interface状态为up,现在,是时候将network namespace链接到外部空间。

Adding interfaces to a network namespace

将一个物理interface分配给network namespace是不可能的,而是使用 virtual interface来实现。所以,我们先创建一个virtual interface,同样使用 ip command:

ip link add veth-a type veth peer name veth-b

上述命令创建了两个virtual interface,分别为veth-a & veth-b,他们之间通过一个virtual cable链接。ip link命令显示了在默认namespace下这两个interface的信息。

ip link
veth-b: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
 link/ether 72:01:ad:c5:67:84 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
veth-a: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
 link/ether 8e:8b:bd:b1:88:e5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

下面我们将其中的一个interface添加入之前我们创建的namespace nstest:

ip link set veth-b netns nstest

现在veth-b不在默认的namespace下了,而出现在了nstest 中,使用如下命令验证:

# list all interfaces in the namespace nstest
ip netns exec nstest ip link
 
lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT 
 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
veth-b: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
 link/ether 72:01:ad:c5:67:84 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

现在,在network namespace nstest中,就拥有了两个interface。

Assign ip addresses to the veth interfaces

现在是时候为这个veth interface分配ip并且使他的状态为up。

# default namespace
ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev veth-a
ip link set dev veth-a up
#
# namespace nstest
ip netns exec nstest ip addr add 10.0.0.2/24 dev veth-b
ip netns exec nstest ip link set dev veth-b up

可通过“ip link”查看interface状态是否为up,使用“ip addr”查看interface的ip 地址,使用“ip route”查看其路由。

现在可以在default namespace中,通过veth-a来ping通 位于 nstest中的veth-b。

ping 10.0.0.2
PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.039 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_req=4 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms

以及在nstest network namespace中,通过veth-b来ping通 veth-a:

ip netns exec nstest ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.064 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.039 ms

Demo

下面一起来实现一个demo,最终实现如下的case:

首先,先建立对应的namespace:

$ sudo ip netns add server
$ sudo ip netns add gateway
$ sudo ip netns add client
$ ip netns list
client
gateway
server

然后,启用gateway namespace中的ip forward功能,注意,操作全是在root权限下执行:

$ ip netns exec gateway sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

下面我们来创建两对veth,用来连接不同的namespace:

$ ip link add svr-veth type veth peer name svrgw-veth
$ ip link add cli-veth type veth peer name cligw-veth
$ ip link show | grep veth
3: svrgw-veth:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
4: svr-veth:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
5: cligw-veth:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
6: cli-veth:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000

将veth对的两端加入对应的namespace中,这样在默认的default namespace中就看不到他们了:

$ ip link set svr-veth netns server
$ ip link set svrgw-veth netns gateway
$ ip link set cligw-veth netns gateway
$ ip link set cli-veth netns client
$ ip link show | grep veth

在指定的namespace上可以看到对应的interface:

$ ip netns exec server ip link show | grep veth
4: svr-veth:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000

为各个veth分配ip:

$ ip netns exec server ifconfig svr-veth 192.168.100.1
$ ip netns exec gateway ifconfig svrgw-veth 192.168.100.254
$ ip netns exec gateway ifconfig cligw-veth 10.0.100.254
$ ip netns exec client ifconfig cli-veth 10.0.100.1

在各个veth对中,通过ping来检查连通性:

$ ip netns exec gateway ping 192.168.100.1 -I 192.168.100.254
PING 192.168.100.1 (192.168.100.1) from 192.168.100.254 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.040 ms
^C
--- 192.168.100.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.036/0.040/0.044/0.003 ms

$ ip netns exec gateway ping 10.0.100.1 -I 10.0.100.254
PING 10.0.100.1 (10.0.100.1) from 10.0.100.254 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.100.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.107 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.100.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.037 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.100.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.037 ms
^C
--- 10.0.100.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.037/0.060/0.107/0.033 ms

接下来设定路由,将各namespace中的默认路由指向对应的veth ip:

$ sudo ip netns exec client route add default gw 10.0.100.254
$ sudo ip netns exec client netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
0.0.0.0         10.0.100.254    0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 cli-veth
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 cli-veth
$ ip netns exec server route add default gw 192.168.100.254
$ ip netns exec server netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.254 0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 svr-veth
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 svr-veth

最后我们尝试从client namespace 到 server namespace的网络连通性,通过ping命令来测试:

 
$ ip netns exec client ping 192.168.100.1 -I 10.0.100.1
PING 192.168.100.1 (192.168.100.1) from 10.0.100.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=63 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=63 time=0.076 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.100.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=63 time=0.050 ms
^C
--- 192.168.100.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.050/0.077/0.106/0.024 ms

一个稍微复杂的网络环境

2013-02-29-linux-network-emulator__1.png
 

创建虚拟网络环境并且连接网线

ip netns add net0
ip netns add net1
ip netns add bridge
ip link add type veth
ip link set dev veth0 name net0-bridge netns net0
ip link set dev veth1 name bridge-net0 netns bridge
ip link add type veth
ip link set dev veth0 name net1-bridge netns net1
ip link set dev veth1 name bridge-net1 netns bridge

在bridge中创建并且设置br设备

ip netns exec bridge brctl addbr br
ip netns exec bridge ip link set dev br up
ip netns exec bridge ip link set dev bridge-net0 up
ip netns exec bridge ip link set dev bridge-net1 up
ip netns exec bridge brctl addif br bridge-net0
ip netns exec bridge brctl addif br bridge-net1

然后配置两个虚拟环境的网卡

ip netns exec net0 ip link set dev net0-bridge up
ip netns exec net0 ip address add 10.0.1.1/24 dev net0-bridge
ip netns exec net1 ip link set dev net1-bridge up
ip netns exec net1 ip address add 10.0.1.2/24 dev net1-bridge

测试

$ ip netns exec net0 ping -c 3 10.0.1.2
PING 10.0.1.2 (10.0.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.1.2: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.121 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.1.2: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.072 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.1.2: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.069 ms

--- 10.0.1.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.069/0.087/0.121/0.025 ms

 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangeamon/p/7278849.html