requests模块的高级用法

1.代理

　　代理服务器，可以接受请求然后将其转发

1.匿名度

　　1. 高匿:不知道你使用了代理,也不知道你的真实ip
　　2. 匿名: 知道你使用了代理,但是不知道你的真实ip
　　3. 透明:知道你使用了代理并且知道你的真实ip

2.类型

http
https

3.免费代理的网站

- http://www.goubanjia.com/
- 快代理
- 西祠代理
- http://http.zhiliandaili.cn/

构建代理池：

# 构建代理池
import requests
from lxml import etree

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36',
    'Connection': "close"
}

#从代理精灵中提取代理ip
ip_url = 'http://t.11jsq.com/index.php/api/entry?method=proxyServer.generate_api_url&packid=1&fa=0&fetch_key=&groupid=0&qty=4&time=1&pro=&city=&port=1&format=html&ss=5&css=&dt=1&specialTxt=3&specialJson=&usertype=2'
page_text = requests.get(ip_url, headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
ip_list = tree.xpath('//body//text()')
print(ip_list)

# 爬取西祠代理的ip
url = "https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/%d"
proxy_list_http = []
proxy_list_https = []
for page in range(1, 2):
    new_url = format(url % page)
    page_text = requests.get(url=new_url, headers=headers).text
    tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
    tree_list = tree.xpath('//*[@id="ip_list"]//tr')[1:]
    for tr in tree_list:
        ip = tr.xpath("./td[2]/text()")[0]
        port = tr.xpath("./td[3]/text()")[0]
        ip_type = tr.xpath("./td[6]/text()")[0]
        if ip_type == "HTTP":
            dic = {
                ip_type: ip + ":" + port
            }
            proxy_list_http.append(dic)
        else:
            dic = {
                ip_type: ip + ":" + port
            }
            proxy_list_https.append(dic)
print(len(proxy_list_http), len(proxy_list_https))

# 检测
url = "https://www/sogou.com"
for ip in proxy_list_http:
    response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, proxies={'https': ip})
    if response.status_code == "200":
        print("检测到可用的ip")

2.cookie的处理

　　手动处理：jiangcookie封装到headers中

　　自动处理：session对象，可以创建一个session对象，该对象的可以像requests一样进行请求发送，不同之处在于如果使用session进行请求发送的过程中产生了cookie，则cookie会被自动存储在session对象中。

#对雪球网中的新闻数据进行爬取https://xueqiu.com/
import requests
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36',
    'Cookie':'aliyungf_tc=AQAAAAl2aA+kKgkAtxdwe3JmsY226Y+n; acw_tc=2760822915681668126047128e605abf3a5518432dc7f074b2c9cb26d0aa94; xq_a_token=75661393f1556aa7f900df4dc91059df49b83145; xq_r_token=29fe5e93ec0b24974bdd382ffb61d026d8350d7d; u=121568166816578; device_id=24700f9f1986800ab4fcc880530dd0ed'
}
url = 'https://xueqiu.com/v4/statuses/public_timeline_by_category.json?since_id=-1&max_id=20349203&count=15&category=-1'
page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).json()
print(page_text)
import requests
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36'
}

#创建session对象
session = requests.Session()
session.get('https://xueqiu.com', headers=headers)

url = 'https://xueqiu.com/v4/statuses/public_timeline_by_category.json?since_id=-1&max_id=20349203&count=15&category=-1'
page_text = session.get(url=url, headers=headers).json()
print(page_text)

3.模拟登陆

1.验证码识别

相关网站

　　- 超级鹰：http://www.chaojiying.com/about.html

    • 注册：（用户中心身份）
    • 登陆：
      • 创建一个软件：
      • 下载实例代码

　　- 打码兔

　　- 云打码

识别古诗文网中的验证码

# 超级鹰的实例代码 
import requests
from hashlib import md5
from lxml import etree

class Chaojiying_Client(object):

    def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id):
        self.username = username
        password =  password.encode('utf8')
        self.password = md5(password).hexdigest()
        self.soft_id = soft_id
        self.base_params = {
            'user': self.username,
            'pass2': self.password,
            'softid': self.soft_id,
        }
        self.headers = {
            'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)',
        }

    def PostPic(self, im, codetype):
        """
        im: 图片字节
        codetype: 题目类型 参考 http://www.chaojiying.com/price.html
        """
        params = {
            'codetype': codetype,
        }
        params.update(self.base_params)
        files = {'userfile': ('ccc.jpg', im)}
        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers)
        return r.json()

    def ReportError(self, im_id):
        """
        im_id:报错题目的图片ID
        """
        params = {
            'id': im_id,
        }
        params.update(self.base_params)
        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/ReportError.php', data=params, headers=self.headers)
        return r.json()
    
# 1.识别古诗文网站中的验证码    
def tranformImgData(imgpath,t_type):
    chaojiying = Chaojiying_Client('15879478962', '15879478962', '901492')  # 超级鹰用户名，超级鹰用户名密码，软件id
    im = open(imgPath, 'rb').read()
    return chaojiying.PostPic(im, t_type)['pic_str']
url = "https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx"
page_text = requests.get(url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org'+tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]
img_data = requests.get(img_src,headers=headers).content
with open("./code.jpg","wb") as fp:
    fp.write(img_data)
tranformImgData('./code.jpg',1004)

古诗文的模拟登陆

# 超级鹰的实例代码 
import requests
from hashlib import md5
from lxml import etree

class Chaojiying_Client(object):

    def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id):
        self.username = username
        password =  password.encode('utf8')
        self.password = md5(password).hexdigest()
        self.soft_id = soft_id
        self.base_params = {
            'user': self.username,
            'pass2': self.password,
            'softid': self.soft_id,
        }
        self.headers = {
            'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)',
        }

    def PostPic(self, im, codetype):
        """
        im: 图片字节
        codetype: 题目类型 参考 http://www.chaojiying.com/price.html
        """
        params = {
            'codetype': codetype,
        }
        params.update(self.base_params)
        files = {'userfile': ('ccc.jpg', im)}
        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers)
        return r.json()

    def ReportError(self, im_id):
        """
        im_id:报错题目的图片ID
        """
        params = {
            'id': im_id,
        }
        params.update(self.base_params)
        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/ReportError.php', data=params, headers=self.headers)
        return r.json()
    
# 1.识别古诗文网站中的验证码    
def tranformImgData(imgpath,t_type):
     chaojiying = Chaojiying_Client('3089693229@qq.com', '3089693229', '901492')
    im = open(imgPath, 'rb').read()
    return chaojiying.PostPic(im, t_type)['pic_str']
url = "https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx"
page_text = requests.get(url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org'+tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]
img_data = requests.get(img_src,headers=headers).content
with open("./code.jpg","wb") as fp:
    fp.write(img_data)

# 模拟登陆
s = requests.Session()
url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx'
page_text = s.get(url,headers=headers).text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
img_src = 'https://so.gushiwen.org'+tree.xpath('//*[@id="imgCode"]/@src')[0]
img_data = s.get(img_src,headers=headers).content
with open("./code.jpg",'wb') as fp:
    fp.write(img_data)
# 动态获取变化的请求参数
# - 动态变化的请求参数
#     - 通常情况下动态变化的请求参数都会被隐藏在前台页面源码中
__VIEWSTATE = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATE"]/@value')[0]
__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR = tree.xpath('//*[@id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR"]/@value')[0]    

code_text = tranformImgData('./code.jpg',1004)

login_url = "https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx?from=http%3a%2f%2fso.gushiwen.org%2fuser%2fcollect.aspx"
data = {
    "__VIEWSTATE": __VIEWSTATE,
    "__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR": __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR,
    "from": "http://so.gushiwen.org/user/collect.aspx",
    "email": "15879478962",
    "pwd": "15879478962",
    "code": code_text,
    "denglu": "登录",
}
page_text = s.post(url=login_url,headers=headers,data=data).text
with open("login.html","w",encoding="utf-8") as fp:
    fp.write(page_text)

单线程+多任务异步任务

1.同步请求；

import time

start = time.time()
urls = {
    "www.1.com",
    "www.2.com",
    "www.3.com",
}


def get_request(url):
    print("下载开始", url)
    time.sleep(2)
    print("下载结束", url)



for url in urls:
    get_request(url)
print("总耗时", time.time() - start)

# 结果打印
下载开始 www.1.com
下载结束 www.1.com
下载开始 www.3.com
下载结束 www.3.com
下载开始 www.2.com
下载结束 www.2.com
总耗时 6.000343322753906

模拟线程异步请求

import time
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool

start = time.time()
urls = {
    "www.1.com",
    "www.2.com",
    "www.3.com",
}


def get_request(url):
    print("下载开始", url)
    time.sleep(2)
    print("下载结束", url)


pool = Pool(3)
pool.map(get_request, urls)
print("总耗时", time.time() - start)

# 打印结果显示
下载开始 www.3.com
下载开始 www.2.com
下载开始 www.1.com
下载结束 www.1.com
下载结束 www.3.com
下载结束 www.2.com
总耗时 2.0901193618774414
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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/zangyue/p/12180488.html