在测试用例中，执行完测试用例后，最后一步是判断测试结果是pass还是fail，自动化测试脚本里面一般把这种生成测试结果的方法称为断言（assert）。
用unittest组件测试用例的时候，断言的方法还是很多的，下面介绍几种常用的断言方法：assertEqual、assertIn、assertTrue
基本断言方法
基本的断言方法提供了测试结果是True还是False。所有的断言方法都有一个msg参数，如果指定msg参数的值，则将该信息作为失败的错误信息返回。
unittest常用的断言方法
1.assertEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
--判断两个参数相等：first == second
2.assertNotEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
--判断两个参数不相等：first ！= second
3.assertIn(self, member, container, msg=None)
--判断是字符串是否包含：member in container
4.assertNotIn(self, member, container, msg=None)
--判断是字符串是否不包含：member not in container
5.assertTrue(self, expr, msg=None)
--判断是否为真：expr is True
6.assertFalse(self, expr, msg=None)
--判断是否为假：expr is False
7.assertIsNone(self, obj, msg=None)
--判断是否为None：obj is None
8.assertIsNotNone(self, obj, msg=None)
--判断是否不为None：obj is not None
unittest所有断言方法
1.下面是unittest框架支持的所有断言方法，有兴趣的同学可以慢慢看。
| assertAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=None, msg=None, delta=None)
| Fail if the two objects are unequal as determined by their
| difference rounded to the given number of decimal places
| (default 7) and comparing to zero, or by comparing that the
| between the two objects is more than the given delta.
|
| Note that decimal places (from zero) are usually not the same
| as significant digits (measured from the most signficant digit).
|
| If the two objects compare equal then they will automatically
| compare almost equal.
|
| assertAlmostEquals = assertAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=None, msg=None, delta=None)
|
| assertDictContainsSubset(self, expected, actual, msg=None)
| Checks whether actual is a superset of expected.
|
| assertDictEqual(self, d1, d2, msg=None)
|
| assertEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
| Fail if the two objects are unequal as determined by the '=='
| operator.
|
| assertEquals = assertEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
|
| assertFalse(self, expr, msg=None)
| Check that the expression is false.
|
| assertGreater(self, a, b, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a > b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertGreaterEqual(self, a, b, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a >= b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertIn(self, member, container, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a in b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertIs(self, expr1, expr2, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a is b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertIsInstance(self, obj, cls, msg=None)
| Same as self.assertTrue(isinstance(obj, cls)), with a nicer
| default message.
|
| assertIsNone(self, obj, msg=None)
| Same as self.assertTrue(obj is None), with a nicer default message.
|
| assertIsNot(self, expr1, expr2, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a is not b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertIsNotNone(self, obj, msg=None)
| Included for symmetry with assertIsNone.
|
| assertItemsEqual(self, expected_seq, actual_seq, msg=None)
| An unordered sequence specific comparison. It asserts that
| actual_seq and expected_seq have the same element counts.
| Equivalent to::
|
| self.assertEqual(Counter(iter(actual_seq)),
| Counter(iter(expected_seq)))
|
| Asserts that each element has the same count in both sequences.
| Example:
| - [0, 1, 1] and [1, 0, 1] compare equal.
| - [0, 0, 1] and [0, 1] compare unequal.
|
| assertLess(self, a, b, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a < b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertLessEqual(self, a, b, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a <= b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertListEqual(self, list1, list2, msg=None)
| A list-specific equality assertion.
|
| Args:
| list1: The first list to compare.
| list2: The second list to compare.
| msg: Optional message to use on failure instead of a list of
| differences.
|
| assertMultiLineEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
| Assert that two multi-line strings are equal.
|
| assertNotAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=None, msg=None, delta=None)
| Fail if the two objects are equal as determined by their
| difference rounded to the given number of decimal places
| (default 7) and comparing to zero, or by comparing that the
| between the two objects is less than the given delta.
|
| Note that decimal places (from zero) are usually not the same
| as significant digits (measured from the most signficant digit).
|
| Objects that are equal automatically fail.
|
| assertNotAlmostEquals = assertNotAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=None, msg=None, delta=None)
|
| assertNotEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
| Fail if the two objects are equal as determined by the '!='
| operator.
|
| assertNotEquals = assertNotEqual(self, first, second, msg=None)
|
| assertNotIn(self, member, container, msg=None)
| Just like self.assertTrue(a not in b), but with a nicer default message.
|
| assertNotIsInstance(self, obj, cls, msg=None)
| Included for symmetry with assertIsInstance.
|
| assertNotRegexpMatches(self, text, unexpected_regexp, msg=None)
| Fail the test if the text matches the regular expression.
|
| assertRaises(self, excClass, callableObj=None, *args, **kwargs)
| Fail unless an exception of class excClass is raised
| by callableObj when invoked with arguments args and keyword
| arguments kwargs. If a different type of exception is
| raised, it will not be caught, and the test case will be
| deemed to have suffered an error, exactly as for an
| unexpected exception.
|
| If called with callableObj omitted or None, will return a
| context object used like this::
|
| with self.assertRaises(SomeException):
| do_something()
|
| The context manager keeps a reference to the exception as
| the 'exception' attribute. This allows you to inspect the
| exception after the assertion::
|
| with self.assertRaises(SomeException) as cm:
| do_something()
| the_exception = cm.exception
| self.assertEqual(the_exception.error_code, 3)
|
| assertRaisesRegexp(self, expected_exception, expected_regexp, callable_obj=None, *args, **kwargs)
| Asserts that the message in a raised exception matches a regexp.
|
| Args:
| expected_exception: Exception class expected to be raised.
| expected_regexp: Regexp (re pattern object or string) expected
| to be found in error message.
| callable_obj: Function to be called.
| args: Extra args.
| kwargs: Extra kwargs.
|
| assertRegexpMatches(self, text, expected_regexp, msg=None)
| Fail the test unless the text matches the regular expression.
|
| assertSequenceEqual(self, seq1, seq2, msg=None, seq_type=None)
| An equality assertion for ordered sequences (like lists and tuples).
|
| For the purposes of this function, a valid ordered sequence type is one
| which can be indexed, has a length, and has an equality operator.
|
| Args:
| seq1: The first sequence to compare.
| seq2: The second sequence to compare.
| seq_type: The expected datatype of the sequences, or None if no
| datatype should be enforced.
| msg: Optional message to use on failure instead of a list of
| differences.
|
| assertSetEqual(self, set1, set2, msg=None)
| A set-specific equality assertion.
|
| Args:
| set1: The first set to compare.
| set2: The second set to compare.
| msg: Optional message to use on failure instead of a list of
| differences.
|
| assertSetEqual uses ducktyping to support different types of sets, and
| is optimized for sets specifically (parameters must support a
| difference method).
|
| assertTrue(self, expr, msg=None)
| Check that the expression is true.
|
| assertTupleEqual(self, tuple1, tuple2, msg=None)
| A tuple-specific equality assertion.
|
| Args:
| tuple1: The first tuple to compare.
| tuple2: The second tuple to compare.
| msg: Optional message to use on failure instead of a list of
| differences.