python3 isinstance

先来看一下英文的解释：

The isinstance() function checks if the object (first argument) is an instance or subclass of classinfo class (second argument).

The syntax of isinstance() is:

isinstance(object, classinfo)

isinstance() Parameters

The isinstance() takes two parameters:

object - object to be checked
classinfo - class, type, or tuple of classes and types

Return Value from isinstance()

The isinstance() returns:

True if the object is an instance or subclass of a class, or any element of the tuple
False otherwise

If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types, a TypeError exception is raised.

Example 1: How isinstance() works?

class Foo:
  a = 5
  
fooInstance = Foo()

print(isinstance(fooInstance, Foo))
print(isinstance(fooInstance, (list, tuple)))
print(isinstance(fooInstance, (list, tuple, Foo)))

When you run the program, the output will be:

True
False
True

Example 2: Working of isinstance() with Native Types

numbers = [1, 2, 3]

result = isinstance(numbers, list)
print(numbers,'instance of list?', result)

result = isinstance(numbers, dict)
print(numbers,'instance of dict?', result)

result = isinstance(numbers, (dict, list))
print(numbers,'instance of dict or list?', result)

number = 5

result = isinstance(number, list)
print(number,'instance of list?', result)

result = isinstance(number, int)
print(number,'instance of int?', result)

When you run the program, the output will be:

[1, 2, 3] instance of list? True
[1, 2, 3] instance of dict? False
[1, 2, 3] instance of dict or list? True
5 instance of list? False
5 instance of int? True

再看下面的代码：

class hhh:
    def init1(self):
        pass

class sss:
    def init1(self):
        print("ssss")

s = sss()
print(isinstance(s, hhh))

　值是false，根据英文的解释，是对的。（python3基础教程第三版129页，描述是错的。）

上面这种鸭子类型是不能通过检查的。

Python 中有很多的协议，比如迭代器协议，任何实现了 __iter__ 和 __next__ 方法的对象都可称之为迭代器，但对象本身是什么类型不受限制，这得益于鸭子类型。

from collections import Iterable
from collections import Iterator


class MyIterator:
    def __iter__(self):

        pass


    def __next__(self):
        pass


print(isinstance(MyIterator(), Iterable))
print(isinstance(MyIterator(), Iterator))

True
True

抽象类

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class hhh(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def init1(self):
        pass

class sss:
    def init1(self):
        print("ssss")

s = sss()
print(isinstance(s, hhh))


hhh.register(sss)
print(isinstance(s, hhh))

　　第二个print的值时true，抽象类加注册。只是技巧，不推荐，如果sss没有实现init1方法，也是true。

issubclass: 判断一个类是否是另一个类的子类。
　　　　- 如果是: True
　　　　- 如果不是: False

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isinstance() 与 type() 区别：

type() 不会认为子类是一种父类类型，不考虑继承关系。
isinstance() 会认为子类是一种父类类型，考虑继承关系。

对于基本类型来说 classinfo 可以是：

int，float，bool，complex，str(字符串)，list，dict(字典)，set，tuple