移动端Retina屏boder 1px显示为2px或3px的解决方法

我们在开发移动端web项目时经常遇到设置border:1px,但是显示的边框却为2px或是3px粗细,这是因为设备像素比devicePixelRatio为2或3引起的。  

何为“设备像素比devicePixelRatio”  

设备上物理像素和设备独立像素(device-independent pixels (dips))的比例。
公式表示就是:window.devicePixelRatio = 物理像素 / dips   dip或dp,(device independent pixels,设备独立像素)与屏幕密度有关。dip可以用来辅助区分视网膜设备还是非视网膜设备。

所有非视网膜屏幕的iphone在垂直的时候,宽度为320物理像素。当你使用<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">的时候,会设置视窗布局宽度(不同于视觉区域宽度,不放大显示情况下,两者大小一致,见下图)为320px, 于是,页面很自然地覆盖在屏幕上。这样,非视网膜屏幕的iphone上,屏幕物理像素320像素,独立像素也是320像素,因此,window.devicePixelRatio等于1.

而对于视网膜屏幕的iphone,如iphone4s, 纵向显示的时候,屏幕物理像素640像素。同样,当用户设置<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">的时候,其视区宽度并不是640像素,而是320像素,这是为了有更好的阅读体验 – 更合适的文字大小。
这样,在视网膜屏幕的iphone上,屏幕物理像素640像素,独立像素还是320像素,因此,window.devicePixelRatio等于2.

每个像素点实际上有4倍的普通像素点,如下示意(© smashingmagazine):

1个CSS像素点实际上有4个位图像素点,1个分成4个,显然不够分啊,只能颜色近似选取,于是,图片感觉就是模糊的(© smashingmagazine)!。这就是为什么使用两倍图。

视网膜屏幕下图片就显示OK了(非视网膜屏幕图片被压缩-减少像素取样——资源浪费!)

在retina屏下面,如果你写了这样的meta <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> 
你将永远无法写出1px宽度的东西,除此之外,inline的SVG等元素,也会按照逻辑像素来渲染,整个页面的清晰度会打折;  

百度糯米的实现:

 1 @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio:2) {
 2     .normal-goods .good-content {
 3     border: none;
 4     background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(90deg,#e0e0e0,#e0e0e0 50%,transparent 50%);
 5     background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(90deg,#e0e0e0,#e0e0e0 50%,transparent 50%);
 6     background-image: -o-linear-gradient(90deg,#e0e0e0,#e0e0e0 50%,transparent 50%);
 7     background-image: linear-gradient(0,#e0e0e0,#e0e0e0 50%,transparent 50%);
 8     background-size: 100% 1px;
 9     background-repeat: no-repeat;
10     background-position: bottom
11     }
12 }

大众点评的实现:

 1 .index-rec .home-tuan-list .cnt {
 2     padding: 7px 10px 10px 0;
 3     display: box;
 4     display: -webkit-box;
 5     display: -ms-flexbox;
 6     height: 78px;
 7     background-image: url(//www.dpfile.com/mod/app-m-style/1.7.2/css/img/repeat-x.png);
 8     background-repeat: repeat-x;
 9     background-position: 0 bottom;
10     background-size: auto 1px
11 }

微信WeUI的实现:

 1 .weui_grid:before {
 2     content: " ";
 3     position: absolute;
 4     right: 0;
 5     top: 0;
 6      1px;
 7     height: 100%;
 8     border-right: 1px solid #D9D9D9;
 9     color: #D9D9D9;
10     -webkit-transform-origin: 0 100%;
11     transform-origin: 0 100%;
12     -webkit-transform: scaleX(0.5);
13     transform: scaleX(0.5);
14     right: -1px;
15 }
 1 .weui_grid:after {
 2     content: " ";
 3     position: absolute;
 4     left: 0;
 5     bottom: 0;
 6      100%;
 7     height: 1px;
 8     border-bottom: 1px solid #D9D9D9;
 9     color: #D9D9D9;
10     -webkit-transform-origin: 0 100%;
11     transform-origin: 0 100%;
12     -webkit-transform: scaleY(0.5);
13     transform: scaleY(0.5);
14 }
 

阿里的实现:

js:

1 <script>
2     if (/iP(hone|od|ad)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) {  //  就是放到html根节点上的   ios8现在普及率高了,可以省略
3         var v = (navigator.appVersion).match(/OS (d+)_(d+)_?(d+)?/), version = parseInt(
4                 v[1], 10);
5         if (version >= 8) {
6             document.documentElement.classList.add('hairlines')
7         }
8     };
9 </script>

css:

 1 .r1bt {
 2     border-top: 1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.15)
 3 }
 4 .r1bb {
 5     border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.15)
 6 }
 7 .r1bl {
 8     border-left: 1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.15)
 9 }
10 .r1br {
11     border-right: 1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.15)
12 }
13 .r1b {
14     border: 1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.15)
15 }
16 .hairlines .r1bt,.hairlines .r1bb,.hairlines .r1bl,.hairlines .r1br,.hairlines .r1b {
17     border- .5px!important
18 }

阿里的另一种实现:

 1 /*Retian 1px border start */
 2 .retinabt,.retinabb,.retinabl,.retinabr,.retinab{position:relative;}
 3 .retinabt:before,.retinabb:after{pointer-events:none;position:absolute;content:"";height:1px;background:rgba(32,35,37,.14);left:0;right:0;z-index:26;}
 4 .retinabt:before{top:0;z-index:26;}
 5 .retinabb:after{bottom:0;z-index:26;}
 6 .retinabl:before,.retinabr:after{pointer-events:none;position:absolute;content:"";1px;background:rgba(32,35,37,.14);top:0;bottom:0}
 7 .retinabl:before{left:0;z-index:26;}
 8 .retinabr:after{right:0;z-index:26;}
 9 .retinab:after{position:absolute;content:"";top:0;left:0;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;100%;height:100%;border:1px solid rgba(32,35,37,.14);pointer-events:none;z-index:26;}
10 @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi),(min-resolution:1.5dppx){
11 .retinabt:before,.retinabb:after{-webkit-transform:scaleY(.5);transform:scaleY(.5) }
12 .retinabl:before,.retinabr:after{-webkit-transform:scaleX(.5);transform:scaleX(.5) }
13 .retinab:after{200%;height:200%;-webkit-transform:scale(.5);transform:scale(.5) }
14 .retinabt:before,.retinabl:before,.retinab:after{-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0}
15 .retinabb:after,.retinabr:after{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 100%;transform-origin:100% 100%}
16 }
17 @media (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:1.5){
18 .retinabt:before,.retinabb:after{-webkit-transform:scaleY(.6666);transform:scaleY(.6666) }
19 .retinabl:before,.retinabr:after{-webkit-transform:scaleX(.6666);transform:scaleX(.6666)}
20 .retinab:after{150%;height:150%;-webkit-transform:scale(.6666);transform:scale(.6666) }
21 }
22 @media (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3){
23 .retinabt:before,.retinabb:after{-webkit-transform:scaleY(.3333);transform:scaleY(.3333)}
24 .retinabl:before,.retinabr:after{-webkit-transform:scaleX(.3333);transform:scaleX(.3333)}
25 .retinab:after{300%;height:300%;-webkit-transform:scale(.3333);transform:scale(.3333)}
26 }
27 @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:4),(min-device-pixel-ratio:4){
28 .retinabt:before,.retinabb:after{-webkit-transform:scaleY(.25);transform:scaleY(.25)}
29 .retinabl:before,.retinabr:after{-webkit-transform:scaleX(.25);transform:scaleX(.25)}
30 .retinab:after{400%;height:400%;-webkit-transform:scale(.25);transform:scale(.25)}
31 }
32 /*Retina 1px border end */

美团的实现:

 1 <script type="text/javascript">
 2         //根据屏幕大小及dpi调整缩放和大小
 3         (function() {
 4             var scale = 1.0;
 5             var ratio = 1;
 6             if (window.devicePixelRatio >= 2) {
 7                 scale *= 0.5;
 8                 ratio *= 2;
 9             }
10             var text = '<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=' + scale + ', maximum-scale=' + scale +', minimum-scale=' + scale + ', width=device-width, user-scalable=no" />';
11             document.write(text);
12             document.documentElement.style.fontSize = 50*ratio + "px";
13         })();
14     </script>

我们把美团的 拷贝过来使用,发现 安卓自带的浏览器(app内嵌h5不得不考虑)有的 不兼容 开始整体字体放大,应该是没有正确获取设备的实际宽度,(手头没有那么多安卓测试手机,主要是自带浏览器出现问题),不知到美团怎么处理的,我想到的用这个   target-densittydpi=device-dpi   hack下;是可以的 或者加个 计时器 延迟 50毫秒 获取设备的正确实际宽度; 

 1 <meta name="viewport" content="target-densitydpi=device-dpi">  <!--安卓自带的 device-width 先不加 否则iphone 随进线条出现问题 -->
 2 <script> 
 3 +function(win,doc,undefined) {//根据屏幕大小及dpi调整缩放和大小
 4     var scale = 1.0,ratio = 1,dc=doc,viewporttexts='';
 5     if (win.devicePixelRatio && devicePixelRatio >= 1.5) {
 6         ratio = devicePixelRatio;
 7         scale = scale/(devicePixelRatio);  
 8     }
 9     //var texts = '<meta  name="viewport" content="initial-scale=' + scale + ', maximum-scale=' + scale +', minimum-scale=' + scale + ', width=device-width, user-scalable=no" />';
10     // dc.write(texts);
11       viewporttexts = ' width=device-width, initial-scale=' + scale + ', maximum-scale=' + scale +', minimum-scale=' + scale + ',user-scalable=no';
12       doc.querySelector('meta[name="viewport"]').setAttribute("content",viewporttexts);
13        
14        console.log('111');
15       dc.documentElement.style.fontSize =doc.getElementsByTagName("html")[0].style.fontSize=Math.ceil(50*ratio) + "px";
16 }(window,document);
17  </script>

设计坞官网https://www.wode007.com/sites/73738.html

淘宝的实现:

  1 ;(function(win, lib) {
  2     var doc = win.document;
  3     var docEl = doc.documentElement;
  4     var metaEl = doc.querySelector('meta[name="viewport"]');
  5     var flexibleEl = doc.querySelector('meta[name="flexible"]');
  6     var dpr = 0;
  7     var scale = 0;
  8     var tid;
  9     var flexible = lib.flexible || (lib.flexible = {});
 10      
 11     if (metaEl) {
 12         console.warn('将根据已有的meta标签来设置缩放比例');
 13         var match = metaEl.getAttribute('content').match(/initial-scale=([d.]+)/);
 14         if (match) {
 15             scale = parseFloat(match[1]);
 16             dpr = parseInt(1 / scale);
 17         }
 18     } else if (flexibleEl) {
 19         var content = flexibleEl.getAttribute('content');
 20         if (content) {
 21             var initialDpr = content.match(/initial-dpr=([d.]+)/);
 22             var maximumDpr = content.match(/maximum-dpr=([d.]+)/);
 23             if (initialDpr) {
 24                 dpr = parseFloat(initialDpr[1]);
 25                 scale = parseFloat((1 / dpr).toFixed(2));   
 26             }
 27             if (maximumDpr) {
 28                 dpr = parseFloat(maximumDpr[1]);
 29                 scale = parseFloat((1 / dpr).toFixed(2));   
 30             }
 31         }
 32     }
 33  
 34     if (!dpr && !scale) {
 35         var isAndroid = win.navigator.appVersion.match(/android/gi);
 36         var isIPhone = win.navigator.appVersion.match(/iphone/gi);
 37         var devicePixelRatio = win.devicePixelRatio;
 38         if (isIPhone) {
 39             // iOS下,对于2和3的屏,用2倍的方案,其余的用1倍方案
 40             if (devicePixelRatio >= 3 && (!dpr || dpr >= 3)) {               
 41                 dpr = 3;
 42             } else if (devicePixelRatio >= 2 && (!dpr || dpr >= 2)){
 43                 dpr = 2;
 44             } else {
 45                 dpr = 1;
 46             }
 47         } else {
 48             // 其他设备下,仍旧使用1倍的方案
 49             dpr = 1;
 50         }
 51         scale = 1 / dpr;
 52     }
 53  
 54     docEl.setAttribute('data-dpr', dpr);
 55     if (!metaEl) {
 56         metaEl = doc.createElement('meta');
 57         metaEl.setAttribute('name', 'viewport');
 58         metaEl.setAttribute('content', 'initial-scale=' + scale + ', maximum-scale=' + scale + ', minimum-scale=' + scale + ', user-scalable=no');
 59         if (docEl.firstElementChild) {
 60             docEl.firstElementChild.appendChild(metaEl);
 61         } else {
 62             var wrap = doc.createElement('div');
 63             wrap.appendChild(metaEl);
 64             doc.write(wrap.innerHTML);
 65         }
 66     }
 67  
 68     function refreshRem(){
 69         var width = docEl.getBoundingClientRect().width;
 70         if (width / dpr > 540) {
 71             width = 540 * dpr;
 72         }
 73         var rem = width / 10;
 74         docEl.style.fontSize = rem + 'px';
 75         flexible.rem = win.rem = rem;
 76     }
 77  
 78     win.addEventListener('resize', function() {
 79         clearTimeout(tid);
 80         tid = setTimeout(refreshRem, 300);
 81     }, false);
 82     win.addEventListener('pageshow', function(e) {
 83         if (e.persisted) {
 84             clearTimeout(tid);
 85             tid = setTimeout(refreshRem, 300);
 86         }
 87     }, false);
 88  
 89     if (doc.readyState === 'complete') {
 90         doc.body.style.fontSize = 12 * dpr + 'px';
 91     } else {
 92         doc.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(e) {
 93             doc.body.style.fontSize = 12 * dpr + 'px';
 94         }, false);
 95     }
 96      
 97  
 98     refreshRem();
 99  
100     flexible.dpr = win.dpr = dpr;
101     flexible.refreshRem = refreshRem;
102     flexible.rem2px = function(d) {
103         var val = parseFloat(d) * this.rem;
104         if (typeof d === 'string' && d.match(/rem$/)) {
105             val += 'px';
106         }
107         return val;
108     }
109     flexible.px2rem = function(d) {
110         var val = parseFloat(d) / this.rem;
111         if (typeof d === 'string' && d.match(/px$/)) {
112             val += 'rem';
113         }
114         return val;
115     }
116  
117 })(window, window['lib'] || (window['lib'] = {}));

 

用rem写1px 维护行方便;图片高度可以用rem固定高度,防止加载时出现高度自动网速加载慢导致的明显塌陷;   缺点: 动态控制  viewport  retina下,无论美团还是淘宝用 rem始终还有许多细小的问题;在ios上浏览器打开仔细看还是看的出的,安卓上没看出来;

有时候retina下, viewport  缩放动态控制字体大小;<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.5, maximum-scale=0.5, minimum-scale=0.5, user-scalable=no">  竖线或者奇数偶数行横线 或者动态添加显示的元素   之后的1px线条,有的1.1px  或者1.2px等等...拿手机仔细看下,观察iphone5 以及iphone6  safari以及其他浏览器对比下就知道,以下是截图出来问题的(只是示范一下 红色箭头的 border 线条 ),同样都是像素比 ratio=2  真机上细看还是明显的。

 

H5  Canvas  Retina屏幕处理的1px的函数

  1 /**
  2  * HiDPI Canvas Polyfill (1.0.9)
  3  *
  4  * Author: Jonathan D. Johnson (http://jondavidjohn.com)
  5  * Homepage: https://github.com/jondavidjohn/hidpi-canvas-polyfill
  6  * Issue Tracker: https://github.com/jondavidjohn/hidpi-canvas-polyfill/issues
  7  * License: Apache 2.0
  8 */
  9 ;(function(prototype) {
 10  
 11     var pixelRatio = (function(context) {
 12             var backingStore = context.backingStorePixelRatio ||
 13                         context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||
 14                         context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||
 15                         context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||
 16                         context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||
 17                         context.backingStorePixelRatio || 1;
 18  
 19             return (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;
 20         })(prototype),
 21  
 22         forEach = function(obj, func) {
 23             for (var p in obj) {
 24                 if (obj.hasOwnProperty(p)) {
 25                     func(obj[p], p);
 26                 }
 27             }
 28         },
 29  
 30         ratioArgs = {
 31             'fillRect': 'all',
 32             'clearRect': 'all',
 33             'strokeRect': 'all',
 34             'moveTo': 'all',
 35             'lineTo': 'all',
 36             'arc': [0,1,2],
 37             'arcTo': 'all',
 38             'bezierCurveTo': 'all',
 39             'isPointinPath': 'all',
 40             'isPointinStroke': 'all',
 41             'quadraticCurveTo': 'all',
 42             'rect': 'all',
 43             'translate': 'all',
 44             'createRadialGradient': 'all',
 45             'createLinearGradient': 'all'
 46         };
 47  
 48     if (pixelRatio === 1) return;
 49  
 50     forEach(ratioArgs, function(value, key) {
 51         prototype[key] = (function(_super) {
 52             return function() {
 53                 var i, len,
 54                     args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
 55  
 56                 if (value === 'all') {
 57                     args = args.map(function(a) {
 58                         return a * pixelRatio;
 59                     });
 60                 }
 61                 else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
 62                     for (i = 0, len = value.length; i < len; i++) {
 63                         args[value[i]] *= pixelRatio;
 64                     }
 65                 }
 66  
 67                 return _super.apply(this, args);
 68             };
 69         })(prototype[key]);
 70     });
 71  
 72      // Stroke lineWidth adjustment
 73     prototype.stroke = (function(_super) {
 74         return function() {
 75             this.lineWidth *= pixelRatio;
 76             _super.apply(this, arguments);
 77             this.lineWidth /= pixelRatio;
 78         };
 79     })(prototype.stroke);
 80  
 81     // Text
 82     //
 83     prototype.fillText = (function(_super) {
 84         return function() {
 85             var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
 86  
 87             args[1] *= pixelRatio; // x
 88             args[2] *= pixelRatio; // y
 89  
 90             this.font = this.font.replace(
 91                 /(d+)(px|em|rem|pt)/g,
 92                 function(w, m, u) {
 93                     return (m * pixelRatio) + u;
 94                 }
 95             );
 96  
 97             _super.apply(this, args);
 98  
 99             this.font = this.font.replace(
100                 /(d+)(px|em|rem|pt)/g,
101                 function(w, m, u) {
102                     return (m / pixelRatio) + u;
103                 }
104             );
105         };
106     })(prototype.fillText);
107  
108     prototype.strokeText = (function(_super) {
109         return function() {
110             var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
111  
112             args[1] *= pixelRatio; // x
113             args[2] *= pixelRatio; // y
114  
115             this.font = this.font.replace(
116                 /(d+)(px|em|rem|pt)/g,
117                 function(w, m, u) {
118                     return (m * pixelRatio) + u;
119                 }
120             );
121  
122             _super.apply(this, args);
123  
124             this.font = this.font.replace(
125                 /(d+)(px|em|rem|pt)/g,
126                 function(w, m, u) {
127                     return (m / pixelRatio) + u;
128                 }
129             );
130         };
131     })(prototype.strokeText);
132 })(CanvasRenderingContext2D.prototype);
133 ;(function(prototype) {
134     prototype.getContext = (function(_super) {
135         return function(type) {
136             var backingStore, ratio,
137                 context = _super.call(this, type);
138  
139             if (type === '2d') {
140  
141                 backingStore = context.backingStorePixelRatio ||
142                             context.webkitBackingStorePixelRatio ||
143                             context.mozBackingStorePixelRatio ||
144                             context.msBackingStorePixelRatio ||
145                             context.oBackingStorePixelRatio ||
146                             context.backingStorePixelRatio || 1;
147  
148                 ratio = (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) / backingStore;
149  
150                 if (ratio > 1) {
151                     this.style.height = this.height + 'px';
152                     this.style.width = this.width + 'px';
153                     this.width *= ratio;
154                     this.height *= ratio;
155                 }
156             }
157  
158             return context;
159         };
160     })(prototype.getContext);
161 })(HTMLCanvasElement.prototype);

viewport + REM的方式来实现:

在devicePixelRatio = 2 时,输出viewport 

1 <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.5, maximum-scale=0.5, minimum-scale=0.5, user-scalable=no">

在devicePixelRatio = 3 时,输出viewport  

1 <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=0.3333333333333333, maximum-scale=0.3333333333333333, minimum-scale=0.3333333333333333, user-scalable=no">

代码:

 1 <script type="text/javascript">
 2   (function() {
 3     var value=1;
 4     if (window.devicePixelRatio == 2) {
 5       value=0.5; 
 6     }else if(window.devicePixelRatio == 3){
 7         value=0.333333333333333; 
 8     }
 9     var text = '<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=' + value + ', maximum-scale=' + value +', minimum-scale=' + value + ', width=device-width, user-scalable=no" />';
10     document.write(text);
11   })();
12 </script>

同时通过设置对应viewport的rem基准值,这种方式就可以像以前一样轻松愉快的写1px了。 

需要使用rem,我们需要设置根的font-size。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ypppt/p/13066971.html