泛型是Java SE5.0中新增的新特性，通过泛型使得在代码编译的时候就能检查类型安全，并且所有的强制类型转换都是自动和隐式的，从而提高代码的重用率。
Note：在JavaSE7+以后的版本中，构造函数可以省略泛型类型。省略的类型可以从变量的类型推断得出。如：List<Map<String,String>> listmaps=new ArrayList<>();
- 泛型类型的继承规则
- 通配符类型
- 通配符的超类型限定
- 无限定通配符
- 泛型反射
1.泛型类型的继承规则
无论S与T有什么联系，通常，Pair<S> 与Pair<T>没有什么联系
如下所示：public class Manager extends Employee
可见，泛型中<>前面的类的继承关系才会起作用，而<>内部的类的继承关系就不起作用
2.通配符类型
Pair<? extends Employee>
利用通配符可以解决上述中出现的<>内不能继承的问题
3.通配符的超类型限定
? super Manager，这个通配符限制为Manager的所有超类型
4.无限定通配符
Pair<?> p
对于2.3.4让我们通过代码来详细了解一下吧。
public class PairTest3
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15);
Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15);
Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo);
printBuddies(buddies);
ceo.setBonus(1000000);
cfo.setBonus(500000);
Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo };
Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>();
minmaxBonus(managers, result);
System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName()
+ ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
maxminBonus(managers, result);
System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName()
+ ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
}
public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p)
{
Employee first = p.getFirst();
Employee second = p.getSecond();
System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies.");
}
//超类型通配符
public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
{
if (a == null || a.length == 0) return;
Manager min = a[0];
Manager max = a[0];
for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
{
if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i];
if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i];
}
result.setFirst(min);
result.setSecond(max);
}
public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
{
minmaxBonus(a, result);
PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // OK--swapHelper captures wildcard type
}
}
class PairAlg
{
//无限定通配符
//该方法用来测试一个pair是否包含一个 引用
public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p)
{
return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null;
}
public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); }
public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p)
{
T t = p.getFirst();
p.setFirst(p.getSecond());
p.setSecond(t);
}
}
5.泛型反射
public class GenericReflectionTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// read class name from command line args or user input
String name;
if (args.length > 0) name = args[0];
else
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter class name (e.g. java.util.Collections): ");
name = in.next();
}
try
{
// print generic info for class and public methods
Class<?> cl = Class.forName(name);
printClass(cl);
for (Method m : cl.getDeclaredMethods())
printMethod(m);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void printClass(Class<?> cl)
{
System.out.print(cl);
printTypes(cl.getTypeParameters(), "<", ", ", ">", true);
Type sc = cl.getGenericSuperclass();
if (sc != null)
{
System.out.print(" extends ");
printType(sc, false);
}
printTypes(cl.getGenericInterfaces(), " implements ", ", ", "", false);
System.out.println("----");
}
public static void printMethod(Method m)
{
String name = m.getName();
System.out.print(Modifier.toString(m.getModifiers()));
System.out.print(" ");
printTypes(m.getTypeParameters(), "<", ", ", "> ", true);
//System.out.println();
printType(m.getGenericReturnType(), false);
System.out.print(" ");
System.out.print(name);
System.out.print("(");
printTypes(m.getGenericParameterTypes(), "", ", ", "", false);
System.out.println(")");
}
public static void printTypes(Type[] types, String pre, String sep, String suf,
boolean isDefinition)
{
if (pre.equals(" extends ") && Arrays.equals(types, new Type[] { Object.class })) return;
if (types.length > 0) System.out.print(pre);
for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++)
{
if (i > 0) System.out.print(sep);
printType(types[i], isDefinition);
}
if (types.length > 0) System.out.print(suf);
}
public static void printType(Type type, boolean isDefinition)
{
if (type instanceof Class)
{
Class<?> t = (Class<?>) type;
System.out.print(t.getName());
}
else if (type instanceof TypeVariable)
{
TypeVariable<?> t = (TypeVariable<?>) type;
System.out.print(t.getName());
if (isDefinition)
printTypes(t.getBounds(), " extends ", " & ", "", false);
}
else if (type instanceof WildcardType)
{
WildcardType t = (WildcardType) type;
System.out.print("?");
printTypes(t.getUpperBounds(), " extends ", " & ", "", false);
printTypes(t.getLowerBounds(), " super ", " & ", "", false);
}
else if (type instanceof ParameterizedType)
{
ParameterizedType t = (ParameterizedType) type;
Type owner = t.getOwnerType();
if (owner != null)
{
printType(owner, false);
System.out.print(".");
}
printType(t.getRawType(), false);
printTypes(t.getActualTypeArguments(), "<", ", ", ">", false);
}
else if (type instanceof GenericArrayType)
{
GenericArrayType t = (GenericArrayType) type;
System.out.print("");
printType(t.getGenericComponentType(), isDefinition);
System.out.print("[]");
}
}
}