C++语言基础(9)-继承

一.继承的基本语法

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//基类 Pelple
class People{
public:
    void setname(char *name);
    void setage(int age);
    char *getname();
    int getage();
private:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
};
void People::setname(char *name){ m_name = name; }
void People::setage(int age){ m_age = age; }
char* People::getname(){ return m_name; }
int People::getage(){ return m_age;}

//派生类 Student
class Student: public People{
public:
    void setscore(float score);
    float getscore();
private:
    float m_score;
};
void Student::setscore(float score){ m_score = score; }
float Student::getscore(){ return m_score; }

int main(){
    Student stu;
    stu.setname("小明");
    stu.setage(16);
    stu.setscore(95.5f);
    cout<<stu.getname()<<"的年龄是 "<<stu.getage()<<"，成绩是 "<<stu.getscore()<<endl;

    return 0;
}

继承的基本语法为：

class 派生类名:［继承方式］ 基类名{
    派生类新增加的成员
};

在本例中，class 后面的“Student”是新声明的子类，冒号后面的“People”是已经存在的基类。在“People”之前有一关键宇 public，用来表示是公有继承。继承方式包括 public（公有的）、private（私有的）和 protected（受保护的），此项是可选的，如果不写，那么默认为 private。

二.继承权限和继承方式

public、protected、private 指定继承方式

不同的继承方式会影响基类成员在派生类中的访问权限。

1) public继承方式

• 基类中所有 public 成员在派生类中为 public 属性；
• 基类中所有 protected 成员在派生类中为 protected 属性；
• 基类中所有 private 成员在派生类中不能使用。

2) protected继承方式

• 基类中的所有 public 成员在派生类中为 protected 属性；
• 基类中的所有 protected 成员在派生类中为 protected 属性；
• 基类中的所有 private 成员在派生类中不能使用。

3) private继承方式

• 基类中的所有 public 成员在派生类中均为 private 属性；
• 基类中的所有 protected 成员在派生类中均为 private 属性；
• 基类中的所有 private 成员在派生类中不能使用。

例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//基类People
class People{
public:
    void setname(char *name);
    void setage(int age);
    void sethobby(char *hobby);
    char *gethobby();
protected:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
private:
    char *m_hobby;
};
void People::setname(char *name){ m_name = name; }
void People::setage(int age){ m_age = age; }
void People::sethobby(char *hobby){ m_hobby = hobby; }
char *People::gethobby(){ return m_hobby; }

//派生类Student
class Student: public People{
public:
    void setscore(float score);
protected:
    float m_score;
};
void Student::setscore(float score){ m_score = score; }

//派生类Pupil
class Pupil: public Student{
public:
    void setranking(int ranking);
    void display();
private:
    int m_ranking;
};
void Pupil::setranking(int ranking){ m_ranking = ranking; }
void Pupil::display(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<"，考试成绩为"<<m_score<<"分，班级排名第"<<m_ranking<<"，TA喜欢"<<gethobby()<<"。"<<endl;
}

int main(){
    Pupil pup;
    pup.setname("小明");
    pup.setage(15);
    pup.setscore(92.5f);
    pup.setranking(4);
    pup.sethobby("乒乓球");
    pup.display();

    return 0;
}

 也可以使用using关键字来改变访问权限

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//基类People
class People{
public:
    void show();
protected:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
};
void People::show(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<endl;
}
//派生类Student
class Student: public People{
public:
    void learning();
public:
    using People::m_name;  //将private改为public
    using People::m_age;  //将private改为public
    float m_score;
private:
    using People::show;  //将public改为private
};
void Student::learning(){
    cout<<"我是"<<m_name<<"，今年"<<m_age<<"岁，这次考了"<<m_score<<"分！"<<endl;
}
int main(){
    Student stu;
    stu.m_name = "小明";
    stu.m_age = 16;
    stu.m_score = 99.5f;
    stu.show();  //compile error
    stu.learning();
    return 0;
}

 三.调用子类构造函数时必须先调用父类构造函数

和Java中子类的构造函数初始化相似，当需要对父类的私有成员变量进行初始化时，需要调用父类的构造函数。

例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//基类People
class People{
protected:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(char*, int);
};
People::People(char *name, int age): m_name(name), m_age(age){}
//派生类Student
class Student: public People{
private:
    float m_score;
public:
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
    void display();
};
//People(name, age)就是调用基类的构造函数
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): People(name, age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::display(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<"，成绩是"<<m_score<<"。"<<endl;
}
int main(){
    Student stu("小明", 16, 90.5);
    stu.display();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

小明的年龄是16，成绩是90.5。

若不显示指明父类的构造函数，则默认调用父类的无参构造函数，例：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//基类People
class People{
public:
    People();  //基类默认构造函数
    People(char *name, int age);
protected:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
};
People::People(): m_name("xxx"), m_age(0){ }
People::People(char *name, int age): m_name(name), m_age(age){}
//派生类Student
class Student: public People{
public:
    Student();
    Student(char*, int, float);
public:
    void display();
private:
    float m_score;
};
Student::Student(): m_score(0.0){ }  //派生类默认构造函数
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): People(name, age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::display(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<"，成绩是"<<m_score<<"。"<<endl;
}
int main(){
    Student stu1;
    stu1.display();
    Student stu2("小明", 16, 90.5);
    stu2.display();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

xxx的年龄是0，成绩是0。
小明的年龄是16，成绩是90.5。

注意：如果将People类中的无参构造函数删除，则会发生编译错误！因为Student类的第一个构造函数没有显示的声明父类的构造函数，因此编译器就会寻找父类的无参构造函数，若发现父类没有无参构造函数，则会出现错误！

四.子类的析构函数会优先于父类的析构函数被调用

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
    A(){cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;}
    ~A(){cout<<"A destructor"<<endl;}
};
class B: public A{
public:
    B(){cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;}
    ~B(){cout<<"B destructor"<<endl;}
};
class C: public B{
public:
    C(){cout<<"C constructor"<<endl;}
    ~C(){cout<<"C destructor"<<endl;}
};
int main(){
    C test;
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

 多继承下的构造函数与析构函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//基类
class BaseA{
public:
    BaseA(int a, int b);
    ~BaseA();
protected:
    int m_a;
    int m_b;
};
BaseA::BaseA(int a, int b): m_a(a), m_b(b){
    cout<<"BaseA constructor"<<endl;
}
BaseA::~BaseA(){
    cout<<"BaseA destructor"<<endl;
}

//基类
class BaseB{
public:
    BaseB(int c, int d);
    ~BaseB();
protected:
    int m_c;
    int m_d;
};
BaseB::BaseB(int c, int d): m_c(c), m_d(d){
    cout<<"BaseB constructor"<<endl;
}
BaseB::~BaseB(){
    cout<<"BaseB destructor"<<endl;
}

//派生类
class Derived: public BaseA, public BaseB{
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e);
    ~Derived();
public:
    void show();
private:
    int m_e;
};
Derived::Derived(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e): BaseA(a, b), BaseB(c, d), m_e(e){
    cout<<"Derived constructor"<<endl;
}
Derived::~Derived(){
    cout<<"Derived destructor"<<endl;
}
void Derived::show(){
    cout<<m_a<<", "<<m_b<<", "<<m_c<<", "<<m_d<<", "<<m_e<<endl;
}

int main(){
    Derived obj(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    obj.show();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

BaseA constructor
BaseB constructor
Derived constructor
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Derived destructor
BaseB destructor
BaseA destructor

五.当多个父类中有同名的成员时，子类在调用时，需要在成员名字前加：：

当两个或多个基类中有同名的成员时，如果直接访问该成员，就会产生命名冲突，编译器不知道使用哪个基类的成员。这个时候需要在成员名字前面加上类名和域解析符::，以显式地指明到底使用哪个类的成员，消除二义性。

例：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//基类
class BaseA{
public:
    BaseA(int a, int b);
    ~BaseA();
public:
    void show();
protected:
    int m_a;
    int m_b;
};
BaseA::BaseA(int a, int b): m_a(a), m_b(b){
    cout<<"BaseA constructor"<<endl;
}
BaseA::~BaseA(){
    cout<<"BaseA destructor"<<endl;
}
void BaseA::show(){
    cout<<"m_a = "<<m_a<<endl;
    cout<<"m_b = "<<m_b<<endl;
}

//基类
class BaseB{
public:
    BaseB(int c, int d);
    ~BaseB();
    void show();
protected:
    int m_c;
    int m_d;
};
BaseB::BaseB(int c, int d): m_c(c), m_d(d){
    cout<<"BaseB constructor"<<endl;
}
BaseB::~BaseB(){
    cout<<"BaseB destructor"<<endl;
}
void BaseB::show(){
    cout<<"m_c = "<<m_c<<endl;
    cout<<"m_d = "<<m_d<<endl;
}

//派生类
class Derived: public BaseA, public BaseB{
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e);
    ~Derived();
public:
    void display();
private:
    int m_e;
};
Derived::Derived(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e): BaseA(a, b), BaseB(c, d), m_e(e){
    cout<<"Derived constructor"<<endl;
}
Derived::~Derived(){
    cout<<"Derived destructor"<<endl;
}
void Derived::display(){
    BaseA::show();  //调用BaseA类的show()函数
    BaseB::show();  //调用BaseB类的show()函数
    cout<<"m_e = "<<m_e<<endl;
}

int main(){
    Derived obj(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    obj.display();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：