################
####软件安装####
################
####1.软件名称识别####
[abrt-addon-ccpp]-[2.1.11-19].[el7].[x86_64].rpm ##rpm结尾的适用与redhat操作系统
|| || || ||
软件名称 软件版本 软件适用系统 64位
####2.如何安装软件####
1.rpm
rpm -ivh name.rpm ##安装 ,-v显示过程，-h指定加密方式为hash
-e name ##卸载
-ql name ##查询软件生成文件
-qlp name.rpm ##查询软件安装后会生成什么文件
-qa ##查询系统中安装的所有软件名称
-qa |grep name ##查询软件是否安装
eg:
[root@localhost software]# rpm -qa |grep google
google-chrome-stable-21.0.1180.89-154005.x86_64
google-crosextra-caladea-fonts-1.002-0.4.20130214.el7.noarch
google-crosextra-carlito-fonts-1.103-0.2.20130920.el7.noarch
-q name ##。。。。
-qp name.rpm ##查询软件安装包安装后的名字
-qf filename ##查看filename属于那个安装包
-ivh name.rpm --force ##强制安装
-qi name ##查看软件信息
-Kv name.rpm ##检测软件包是否被篡改
-qp name.rpm --scripts ##检测软件在安装或卸载过程中执行的动作
2.yum
yum
上层软件管理工具，最重要的功能是可以解决软件的倚赖关系
yum能够投入使用的前提是必须要有yum源，以及配置源的指向文件
###server源端####
1.从网络上下本机系统版本匹配的iso镜像文件
rhel-server-7.1-x86_64-dvd.iso
eg:
rhel-server-7.2-x86_64-dvd.iso
2.把rhel-server-7.1-x86_64-dvd.iso挂在到/mnt以便访问镜像中的文件
mount rhel-server-7.1-x86_64-dvd.iso /mnt
eg:
[root@localhost mnt]# mkdir /iso
[root@localhost mnt]# mount rhel-server-7.2-x86_64-dvd.iso /iso
mount: /dev/loop0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
3.配置本机yum源指向
rm -fr /etc/yum.repos.d/*
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/yum.repo
[Server]
name=rhel7.1
baseurl=file:///mnt
gpgcheck=0
eg:
[server]
name=rhel7.2
baseurl=file:///iso
gpgcheck=0
4.安装资源共享服务
yum install httpd -y
systemctl stop firewlsh-plugin-11.2.202.451-release.x86_64.rpmld
systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl start httpd
systemctl enable httpd
eg:
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y
已加载插件：langpacks
server | 4.1 kB 00:00
(1/2): server/group_gz | 136 kB 00:00
(2/2): server/primary_db | 3.6 MB 00:00
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 httpd.x86_64.0.2.4.6-40.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 httpd-tools = 2.4.6-40.el7，它被软件包 httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 /etc/mime.types，它被软件包 httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 libapr-1.so.0()(64bit)，它被软件包 httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit)，它被软件包 httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 apr.x86_64.0.1.4.8-3.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 apr-util.x86_64.0.1.5.2-6.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 httpd-tools.x86_64.0.2.4.6-40.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 mailcap.noarch.0.2.1.41-2.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
================================================================================
正在安装:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-40.el7 server 1.2 M
为依赖而安装:
apr x86_64 1.4.8-3.el7 server 103 k
apr-util x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 server 92 k
httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.6-40.el7 server 82 k
mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 server 31 k
事务概要
================================================================================
安装 1 软件包 (+4 依赖软件包)
总下载量：1.5 M
安装大小：4.3 M
Downloading packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计 5.2 MB/s | 1.5 MB 00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
正在安装 : apr-1.4.8-3.el7.x86_64 1/5
正在安装 : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 2/5
正在安装 : httpd-tools-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 3/5
正在安装 : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 4/5
正在安装 : httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 5/5
验证中 : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 1/5
验证中 : httpd-tools-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 2/5
验证中 : apr-1.4.8-3.el7.x86_64 3/5
验证中 : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 4/5
验证中 : httpd-2.4.6-40.el7.x86_64 5/5
已安装:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-40.el7
作为依赖被安装:
apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7 apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7
httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-40.el7 mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7
完毕！
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl status firewlsh-plugin-11.2.202.451-release.x86_64.rpmld
firewlsh-plugin-11.2.202.451-release.x86_64.rpmld.service
Loaded: not-found (Reason: No such file or directory)
Active: inactive (dead)
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl status firewalld.service
firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled)
Active: active (running) since 二 2017-04-04 21:48:05 EDT; 32min ago
Main PID: 483 (firewalld)
CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
└─483 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
4月 04 21:48:05 localhost systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall...n.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl stop firewalld.service
5.建立共享目录，并挂在镜像文件到共享目录上
mkdir /var/www/html/rhel7.1
umount /mnt
mount rhel-server-7.1-x86_64-dvd.iso /var/www/html/rhel7.1
eg:
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mkdir /var/www/html/rhel7.2
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# umount /iso
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mount /mnt/rhel-server-7.2-x86_64-dvd.iso /var/www/html/rhel7.2
6.测试
在浏览器中输入：http://本机ip/rhel7.1
可以看到镜像中的内容
7.修改本机yum源指向
eg:
[server]
name=rhel7.2
baseurl=file:///var/www/html/rhel7.2
gpgcheck=0
8.开机自动挂在iso
eg:
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
mount rhel-server-7.1-x86_64-dvd.iso /var/www/html/rhel7.2
:wq
chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
9.第三方软件仓库的搭建
把所有的rpm软件包放到一个目录中，这个目录中只能存在rpm文件
createrepo -v /rpm存放目录
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/xxx.repo
[Software]
name=software
baseurl=file:///rpm存放目录
gpgcheck=0
eg:
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mkdir /software
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# createrepo -v /software/
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Starting other db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:43 2017
Ending other db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:45 2017
Starting filelists db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:45 2017
Ending filelists db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:46 2017
Starting primary db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:46 2017
Ending primary db creation: Tue Apr 4 22:35:48 2017
Sqlite DBs complete
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/soft.repo
[SOFTWARE]
name=SOFTWARE
baseurl=file:///software
gpgcheck=0
####client指向端####
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/xxxx.repo ##仓库指向文件位置
[xxxx] ##自定义软件仓库名称
name=xxxx ##自定义软件仓库描述
baseurl=ftp://|http://|file:// ##仓库位置
gpgcheck=0 ##不检测gpgkey
##gpgkey表示软件的出品logo
例子：
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/yum.repo
[Server]
name=rhel7.1
baseurl=ftp://172.25.0.254/pub/rhel7.1
gpgcheck=0
:wq
yum clean all ##清空yum缓存识别新配置
####yum命令####
yum install softwarename ##安装
repolist ##列出设定yum源信息
remove softwarename ##卸载
list softwarename ##查看软件源中是否有次软件
list all ##列出所有软件名称
list installd ##列出已经安装的软件名称
list available ##列出可以用yum安装的软件名称
clean all ##清空yum缓存
search softwareinfo ##根据软件信息搜索软件名字
whatprovides filename ##在yum源中查找包含filename文件的软件包
update ##更新软件
history ##查看系统软件改变历史
reinstall softwarename ##重新安装
info softwarename ##查看软件信息
groups list ##查看软件组信息
groups info softwaregroup ##查看软件组内包含的软件
groups install softwaregroup ##安装组件
groups remove softwaregroup ##卸载组件
eg:
[root@foundation60 mnt]# yum list httpd ###查看软件源中是否有httpd软件
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
: manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Installed Packages
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-40.el7 @fuwu
[root@foundation60 mnt]# yum search dhcp ##根据软件信息搜索dhcp软件名字
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
: manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
============================== N/S matched: dhcp ===============================
dhcp-common.x86_64 : Common files used by ISC dhcp client and server
dhcp-libs.i686 : Shared libraries used by ISC dhcp client and server
dhcp-libs.x86_64 : Shared libraries used by ISC dhcp client and server
dhclient.x86_64 : Provides the ISC DHCP client daemon and dhclient-script
dhcp.x86_64 : Dynamic host configuration protocol software
dnsmasq.x86_64 : A lightweight DHCP/caching DNS server
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@foundation60 mnt]# yum clean all ##清空yum缓存
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
: manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Cleaning repos: fuwu
Cleaning up everything
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum search httpd
已加载插件：langpacks
SOFTWARE | 2.9 kB 00:00
server | 4.1 kB 00:00
SOFTWARE/primary_db | 1.1 kB 00:00
========================== N/S matched: httpd ===========================
httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
libmicrohttpd.i686 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in
: applications
libmicrohttpd.x86_64 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in
: applications
mod_auth_mellon.x86_64 : A SAML 2.0 authentication module for the Apache
: Httpd Server
mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
名称和简介匹配 only，使用“search all”试试。
############################
####14.linux中设备的访问####
############################
####1.设备访问####
1.设备识别
/dev/xdxn ##硬盘设备/dev/sda1
/dev/cdrom ##光驱
/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备
2.设备的使用
##《设备的发现》##
fdisk -l ##查看真实存在的设备
cat /proc/partitions ##系统能够识别的设备
blkid ##系统能够挂载使用的设备id
df ##查看设备被系统使用的情况
eg:
[root@foundation60 ~]# blkid ##系统能够挂载使用的设备id
/dev/sda1: UUID="6C40B6F240B6C25E" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda5: LABEL="d" UUID="0008A6E9000E477F" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda6: UUID="8896c46e-7a25-4cbd-845c-0ee6995da1f3" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda7: UUID="6da8ea05-711b-414e-8d31-0fff0158e927" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda8: UUID="b26863f3-1628-4e3e-a96e-e78603bf1184" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/loop0: UUID="2015-10-30-11-11-49-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.2 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/loop0p1: UUID="2015-10-30-11-11-49-00" LABEL="RHEL-7.2 Server.x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/loop0p2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" LABEL="ANACONDA" UUID="8F82-0858" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="A23D-B188" TYPE="vfat"
##《设备的使用》##
1.设备的挂载
mount 设备 挂载点
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #把系统中第二块硬盘的第一个分区挂载到/mnt目录上
eg: ##将u盘挂载到/mnt目录上
[root@foundation60 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda8 447672760 13798544 433874216 4% /
devtmpfs 1902740 0 1902740 0% /dev
tmpfs 1915788 224 1915564 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1915788 8996 1906792 1% /run
tmpfs 1915788 0 1915788 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda6 505580 149244 356336 30% /boot
tmpfs 383160 28 383132 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/loop0p1 3947824 3947824 0 100% /run/media/kiosk/RHEL-7.2 Server.x86_64
/dev/sdb1 30141184 653008 29488176 3% /run/media/kiosk/A23D-B188
[root@foundation60 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/
[root@foundation60 ~]# ls /mnt ##u盘内容
hadoop picture3 picture4 System Volume Information westos 截图 毕设
2.卸载设备
umout 设备|挂载点
如出现以下情况：
[root@foundation0 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1
umount: /home/kiosk/Desktop/photo: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
解决：
fuser -kvm 设备|挂载点 -k kill ，-v显示详细信息，-m扫描设备
####2.软硬链接###
ls -i ##查看文件节点号
ln -s /file /file1 ##软链接，只有名字
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ln -s /mnt/file /opt/
ln: failed to create symbolic link ‘/opt/file’: File exists
ln /file /file1 ##硬链接,复制过去
eg:
[root@foundation41 mnt]# rm -fr *
[root@foundation41 mnt]# touch file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -li file1
807414022 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 31 15:27 file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ln -s /mnt/file1 /opt/
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -li file1
807414022 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 31 15:27 file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -li /opt/file1
2860346 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Mar 31 15:28 /opt/file1 -> /mnt/file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# rm -fr /mnt/file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -l /opt/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Mar 31 15:28 file1 -> /mnt/file1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 9 2015 rh
[root@foundation41 mnt]# cat /opt/file1
cat: /opt/file1: No such file or directory
[root@foundation41 mnt]# rm -fr /opt/file1
[root@foundation41 mnt]# touch file
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ln /mnt/file /opt/
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -li /mnt/file
807414022 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Mar 31 15:30 /mnt/file
[root@foundation41 mnt]# ls -li /opt/file
807414022 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Mar 31 15:30 /opt/file
[root@foundation41 mnt]# rm -fr /mnt/file
####3.文件查找####
1.locate filename ##在文件数据库中搜索filename信息，updatedb更新文件数据库
[root@foundation60 ~]# touch /boot/westos
[root@foundation60 ~]# locate westos
[root@foundation60 ~]# updatedb ##默认每小时更新一次
[root@foundation60 ~]# locate westos
/boot/westos
[root@foundation60 ~]# rm -fr /boot/westos
[root@foundation60 ~]# locate westos
/boot/westos
2.find
find 查找位置 -条件 条件值 -exec 动作 {} ;
-name ##名字
-not 条件
-user ##用户
-group ##组
-size ##大小
-perm ##权限
--maxdepth ##最大层
--mindepth ##最小层
-a ##并且
-o ##或者
-type f 文件
d 目录
c 字符设备
b 块设备
s 套节字
l 链接
find /mnt -user student
find /mnt -group linux
find /mnt -user student -a -group linux
find /mnt -user student -o -group linux
find /mnt -user student -a -group linux
find /mnt -user student
find /mnt -user student -a -not -group linux
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/file1 bs=1024 count=10
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/file2 bs=1024 count=20
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/file3 bs=1024 count=30
find /mnt -size 10k
find /mnt -size -10k ##-小于
find /mnt -size +10k ##+大于
eg:
[root@foundation60 ~]# find /etc/ -name passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/pam.d/passwd
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -maxdepth 1 -name passwd ##-maxdepth
/etc/passwd
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -mindepth 2 -name passwd ##-mindepth
/etc/pam.d/passwd
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chown kiosk file1
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chown kiosk:kiosk file3
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chgrp kiosk file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 kiosk root 0 Apr 3 17:42 file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 3 17:42 file2
-rw-r--r-- 1 kiosk kiosk 0 Apr 3 17:42 file3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 3 17:42 file4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root kiosk 0 Apr 3 17:42 file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt -user root -a -group kiosk ##-a是 并且
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt -user root -o -group kiosk ##-o或者
/mnt
/mnt/file2
/mnt/file3
/mnt/file4
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -maxdepth 1 -name passwd
/etc/passwd
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -mindepth 2 -name passwd
/etc/pam.d/passwd
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Apr 3 15:34 /dev/sda
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l /usr/include/gdbm/dbm.h
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Mar 15 22:09 /usr/include/gdbm/dbm.h -> ../dbm.h
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find / -type b
/dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb
/dev/loop0p2
/dev/loop0p1
/dev/loop0
/dev/sda8
/dev/sda7
/dev/sda6
/dev/sda5
/dev/sda3
/dev/sda2
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda
/dev/sr0
find: ‘/run/user/1000/gvfs’: Permission denied
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Apr 3 15:34 /dev/sda
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -maxdepth 1 -name passwdC
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l /usr/include/gdbm/dbm.h
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Mar 15 22:09 /usr/include/gdbm/dbm.h -> ../dbm.h
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chmod 600 file1
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chmod 640 file2
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chmod 664 file3
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chmod 740 file4
[root@foundation60 mnt]# chmod 777 file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm 777
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -777
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -666
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm /666
/mnt/
/mnt/file1
/mnt/file2
/mnt/file3
/mnt/file4
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -444
/mnt/
/mnt/file3
/mnt/file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -666 -exec ugo-r {} ;
find: ‘ugo-r’: No such file or directory
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -666 -exec chmod ugo-r {} ;
[root@foundation60 mnt]# ls -l file5
--wx-wx-wx 1 root kiosk 0 Apr 3 17:42 file5
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -666 -exec cp {} /mnt/ ;
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find /etc/ -name *.conf -exec cp {} /mnt/ ;
cp: cannot stat ‘/etc/extlinux.conf’: No such file or directory
[root@foundation60 mnt]# find / -group mail -exec cp -cp {} /mnt/mailbackup ;