Web框架本质

一、Web框架本质

1. 自己开发Web框架
	- socket
	- http协议
	- HTML知识
	- 数据库(pymysql,SQLAlchemy)

HTTP:
	无状态、短连接
	
TCP:
	不断开
	
WEB应用(网站):
	Http协议:
		发送:
			POST /index HTTP/1.1
			Host: 127.0.0.1:8080
			Connection: keep-alive
			Cache-Control: max-age=0
			Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
			User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.89 Safari/537.36
			HTTPS: 1
			Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch
			Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8
			Cookie: csrftoken=hNmu2JOtntGMN0hSRSPmMQk2newEb3o8zb6pXW5Cc3m54IaA5VlTkUvqWsFezpni


			p=123
		
		响应:
			200 OK
			Cache-Control:public, max-age=15
			Connection:keep-alive
			Content-Encoding:gzip
			Content-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8
			Date:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:17 GMT
			Expires:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:33 GMT
			Last-Modified:Wed, 14 Jun 2017 01:21:03 GMT
			Transfer-Encoding:chunked
			Vary:Accept-Encoding
			X-Frame-Options:SAMEORIGIN
			X-UA-Compatible:IE=10
					
			
			
			用户在页面看到的内容“字符串”(看到页面效果,由于浏览器解析)
			

	浏览器(socket客户端)
		2. www.cnblogs.com(42.121.252.58,80)
			sk.socket()
			sk.connect((42.121.252.58,80))
			
			sk.send('我想要xx')
		5. 接收
		6. 连接断开
		
		
		
	博客园(socket服务端)
		1. 监听ip和端口(42.121.252.58,80)
			while True:
				用户 = 等待用户连接
				3. 收到'我想要xx'
				4. 响应:“好”
				用户断开
	
	

	import socket

	sock = socket.socket()
	sock.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
	sock.listen(5)

	while True:
		conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
		# 有人来连接了
		# 获取用户发送的数据
		data = conn.recv(8096)
		conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK

")
		conn.send(b'123123')
		conn.close()

	
	
	1. Http,无状态,短连接
	2. 
		浏览器(socket客户端)
		网站(socket服务端)
		
	3. 自己写网站
		a. socket服务端
		b. 根据URL不同返回不同的内容
			路由系统:
				URL -> 函数
		c. 字符串返回给用户
			模板引擎渲染:
				HTML充当模板(特殊字符)
				自己创造任意数据
			字符串
			
	4. Web框架:
		框架种类:
			- a,b,c					 --> Tornado
			- [第三方a],b,c          --> wsgiref -> Django 
			- [第三方a],b,[第三方c]  --> flask,
			
		分类:
			- Django框架(Web。。。。。。)
			- 其他

  

  

众所周知,对于所有的Web应用,本质上其实就是一个socket服务端,用户的浏览器其实就是一个socket客户端。

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
  
import socket
  
def handle_request(client):
    buf = client.recv(1024)
    client.send("HTTP/1.1 200 OK

")
    client.send("Hello, Seven")
  
def main():
    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    sock.bind(('localhost',8000))
    sock.listen(5)
  
    while True:
        connection, address = sock.accept()
        handle_request(connection)
        connection.close()
  
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

上述通过socket来实现了其本质,而对于真实开发中的python web程序来说,一般会分为两部分:服务器程序和应用程序。服务器程序负责对socket服务器进行封装,并在请求到来时,对请求的各种数据进行整理。应用程序则负责具体的逻辑处理。为了方便应用程序的开发,就出现了众多的Web框架,例如:Django、Flask、web.py 等。不同的框架有不同的开发方式,但是无论如何,开发出的应用程序都要和服务器程序配合,才能为用户提供服务。这样,服务器程序就需要为不同的框架提供不同的支持。这样混乱的局面无论对于服务器还是框架,都是不好的。对服务器来说,需要支持各种不同框架,对框架来说,只有支持它的服务器才能被开发出的应用使用。这时候,标准化就变得尤为重要。我们可以设立一个标准,只要服务器程序支持这个标准,框架也支持这个标准,那么他们就可以配合使用。一旦标准确定,双方各自实现。这样,服务器可以支持更多支持标准的框架,框架也可以使用更多支持标准的服务器。

WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)是一种规范,它定义了使用python编写的web app与web server之间接口格式,实现web app与web server间的解耦。

python标准库提供的独立WSGI服务器称为wsgiref。

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
 
 
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    return [bytes('<h1>Hello, web!</h1>', encoding='utf-8'), ]
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    httpd = make_server('', 8000, RunServer)
    print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")
    httpd.serve_forever()

  

 

二、自定义Web框架

1、框架

通过python标准库提供的wsgiref模块开发一个自己的Web框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
 
def index():
    return 'index'
 
def login():
    return 'login'
 
def routers():
     
    urlpatterns = (
        ('/index/',index),
        ('/login/',login),
    )
     
    return urlpatterns
 
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    url = environ['PATH_INFO']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return '404 not found'
     
if __name__ == '__main__':
    httpd = make_server('', 8000, RunServer)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

2、模板引擎

在上一步骤中,对于所有的login、index均返回给用户浏览器一个简单的字符串,在现实的Web请求中一般会返回一个复杂的符合HTML规则的字符串,所以我们一般将要返回给用户的HTML写在指定文件中,然后再返回。如:

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Index</h1>

</body>
</html>

login.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <form>
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="text" />
        <input type="submit" />
    </form>
</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
 
 
def index():
    # return 'index'
    f = open('index.html')
    data = f.read()
    return data
 
 
def login():
    # return 'login'
    f = open('login.html')
    data = f.read()
    return data
 
 
def routers():
 
    urlpatterns = (
        ('/index/', index),
        ('/login/', login),
    )
 
    return urlpatterns
 
 
def run_server(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    url = environ['PATH_INFO']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return '404 not found'
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    httpd = make_server('', 8000, run_server)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

对于上述代码,虽然可以返回给用户HTML的内容以现实复杂的页面,但是还是存在问题:如何给用户返回动态内容?

  • 自定义一套特殊的语法,进行替换
  • 使用开源工具jinja2,遵循其指定语法

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>{{name}}</h1>

    <ul>
        {% for item in user_list %}
        <li>{{item}}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>

</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from jinja2 import Template
 
 
def index():
    # return 'index'
 
    # template = Template('Hello {{ name }}!')
    # result = template.render(name='John Doe')
 
    f = open('index.html')
    result = f.read()
    template = Template(result)
    data = template.render(name='John Doe', user_list=['alex', 'eric'])
    return data.encode('utf-8')
 
 
def login():
    # return 'login'
    f = open('login.html')
    data = f.read()
    return data
 
 
def routers():
 
    urlpatterns = (
        ('/index/', index),
        ('/login/', login),
    )
 
    return urlpatterns
 
 
def run_server(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    url = environ['PATH_INFO']
    urlpatterns = routers()
    func = None
    for item in urlpatterns:
        if item[0] == url:
            func = item[1]
            break
    if func:
        return func()
    else:
        return '404 not found'
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    httpd = make_server('', 8000, run_server)
    print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
    httpd.serve_forever()

遵循jinja2的语法规则,其内部会对指定的语法进行相应的替换,从而达到动态的返回内容,对于模板引擎的本质

补充:自己开发web框架

一:实现静态网站

import socket

def f1(request):
    """
    处理用户请求,并返回相应的内容
    :param request: 用户请求的所有信息
    :return:
    """
    f = open('index.fsw','rb')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    return data

def f2(request):
    f = open('aricle.tpl','r',encoding='utf-8')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    import time
    ctime = time.time()
    data = data.replace('@@sw@@',str(ctime))
    return bytes(data,encoding='utf-8')

def f3(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='db666')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    content_list = []
    for row in user_list:
        tp = "<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>" %(row['id'],row['username'],row['password'])
        content_list.append(tp)
    content = "".join(content_list)


    f = open('userlist.html','r',encoding='utf-8')
    template = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 模板渲染(模板+数据)
    data = template.replace('@@sdfsdffd@@',content)
    return bytes(data,encoding='utf-8')

def f4(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='db666')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    f = open('hostlist.html','r',encoding='utf-8')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 基于第三方工具实现的模板渲染
    from jinja2 import Template
    template = Template(data)
    data = template.render(xxxxx=user_list,user='sdfsdfsdf')
    return data.encode('utf-8')


routers = [
    ('/xxx', f1),
    ('/ooo', f2),
    ('/userlist.htm', f3),
    ('/host.html', f4),
]


def run():
    sock = socket.socket()
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
    sock.listen(5)

    while True:
        conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
        # 有人来连接了
        # 获取用户发送的数据
        data = conn.recv(8096)
        data = str(data,encoding='utf-8')
        headers,bodys = data.split('

')
        temp_list = headers.split('
')
        method,url,protocal = temp_list[0].split(' ')
        conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK

")

        func_name = None
        for item in routers:
            if item[0] == url:
                func_name = item[1]
                break

        if func_name:
            response = func_name(data)
        else:
            response = b"404"

        conn.send(response)
        conn.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()
s1.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户登录</h1>
    <form>
        <p><input type="text" placeholder="用户名" /></p>
        <p><input type="password" placeholder="密码" /></p>
    </form>
</body>
</html>
index.fsw
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <table border="1">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>ID</th>
                <th>用户名</th>
                <th>邮箱</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>root</th>
                <th>root@qq.com</th>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</body>
</html>
aricle.tpl

二:实现动态网站

import socket

def f1(request):
    """
    处理用户请求,并返回相应的内容
    :param request: 用户请求的所有信息
    :return:
    """
    f = open('index.fsw','rb')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    return data

def f2(request):
    f = open('aricle.tpl','r',encoding='utf-8')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()
    import time
    ctime = time.time()
    data = data.replace('@@sw@@',str(ctime))
    return bytes(data,encoding='utf-8')

def f3(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='db666')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    content_list = []
    for row in user_list:
        tp = "<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>" %(row['id'],row['username'],row['password'])
        content_list.append(tp)
    content = "".join(content_list)


    f = open('userlist.html','r',encoding='utf-8')
    template = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 模板渲染(模板+数据)
    data = template.replace('@@sdfsdffd@@',content)
    return bytes(data,encoding='utf-8')

def f4(request):
    import pymysql

    # 创建连接
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='db666')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    cursor.execute("select id,username,password from userinfo")
    user_list = cursor.fetchall()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

    f = open('hostlist.html','r',encoding='utf-8')
    data = f.read()
    f.close()

    # 基于第三方工具实现的模板渲染
    from jinja2 import Template
    template = Template(data)
    data = template.render(xxxxx=user_list,user='sdfsdfsdf')
    return data.encode('utf-8')


routers = [
    ('/xxx', f1),
    ('/ooo', f2),
    ('/userlist.htm', f3),
    ('/host.html', f4),
]


def run():
    sock = socket.socket()
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.bind(('127.0.0.1',8080))
    sock.listen(5)

    while True:
        conn,addr = sock.accept() # hang住
        # 有人来连接了
        # 获取用户发送的数据
        data = conn.recv(8096)
        data = str(data,encoding='utf-8')
        headers,bodys = data.split('

')
        temp_list = headers.split('
')
        method,url,protocal = temp_list[0].split(' ')
        conn.send(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK

")

        func_name = None
        for item in routers:
            if item[0] == url:
                func_name = item[1]
                break

        if func_name:
            response = func_name(data)
        else:
            response = b"404"

        conn.send(response)
        conn.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()
s1.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户登录</h1>
    <form>
        <p><input type="text" placeholder="用户名" /></p>
        <p><input type="password" placeholder="密码" /></p>
    </form>
</body>
</html>
index.fsw
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <table border="1">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>ID</th>
                <th>用户名</th>
                <th>邮箱</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>@@sw@@</th>
                <th>root@qq.com</th>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</body>
</html>
aricle.tpl
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <table border="1">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>ID</th>
                <th>用户名</th>
                <th>邮箱</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            {% for row in xxxxx %}
                <tr>
                    <td>{{row.id}}</td>
                    <td>{{row.username}}</td>
                    <td>{{row.password}}</td>
                </tr>
            {% endfor %}
        </tbody>
    </table>
    {{user}}
</body>
</html>
userlist.html
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xuyaping/p/7106213.html