哈希表(二)

链地址法

开放地址法中,通过哈希表中寻找一个空白单元解决冲突问题。另一个方法是在哈希表的每个单元中设置一个链表,某个数据项的关键字还是像通常一样映射到哈希表的单元中,而数据项本身插入到这个单元的链表中。不需要在哈希表中寻找空白单元。

链地址法的装填因子与开放地址法不同,在链地址法中,需要在有N个单元数组中装入N或更多的数据项;因此,装填因子一般为1,或大于1,因为某些位置的链表含有两个或两个以上数据项。

在开放地址中,装填因子在超过二分之一或者三分之二后,性能下降很快。在链地址法中,装填因子可以达到1以上,而且对性能影响不大,因此,链地址法是更健壮的机制。

public class Link {

    private int i;

    private Link next;

    public Link(int i) {
        this.i = i;
    }

    public int getKey() {
        return i;
    }

    public Link getNext() {
        return next;
    }

    public void setNext(Link next) {
        this.next = next;
    }

    public void printf() {
        System.out.println("data -> " + i);
    }
}
public class SortedList {

    private Link first;

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return first == null;
    }

    public void insert(Link link) {
        int key = link.getKey();
        Link previous = null;
        Link current = first;
        while (current != null && key > current.getKey()) {
            previous = current;
            current = current.getNext();
        }
        if (previous == null) {
            first = link;
        } else {
            previous.setNext(link);
        }
        link.setNext(current);
    }

    public Link delete(int key) {
        Link current = first;
        Link privious = null;
        if (!isEmpty()) {
            while (current != null && current.getKey() != key) {
                privious = current;
                current = current.getNext();
            }
            if (privious == null) {
                first = first.getNext();
            } else {
                privious.setNext(current.getNext());
            }
        }
        return current;
    }

    public Link find(int key) {
        Link current = first;
        if (!isEmpty()) {
            while (current != null && current.getKey() <= key) {
                if (current.getKey() == key) {
                    return current;
                }
                current = current.getNext();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void displayList() {
        Link current = first;
        while (current != null) {
            current.printf();
            current = current.getNext();
        }
    }

}
public class HashTable3 {

    private SortedList[] linkArray;

    private int arraySize;

    public HashTable3(int size) {
        this.arraySize = size;
        linkArray = new SortedList[arraySize];
        for (int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++) {
            linkArray[i] = new SortedList();
        }
    }

    public void display() {
        for (SortedList sl : linkArray) {
            sl.displayList();
        }
    }

    public int hashFuc(int key) {
        return key % arraySize;
    }

    public void insert(Link link) {
        int hashVal = hashFuc(link.getKey());
        linkArray[hashVal].insert(link);
    }

    public Link delete(int key) {
        int hashVal = hashFuc(key);
        return linkArray[hashVal].delete(key);
    }

}

哈希字符串

之前介绍过如何把字符串转换成数字,例如 cats :key = 3*273 + 1*272 + 20*271 + 19*270 ;

得到的结果再哈希化成数组坐标:index = key % arraySize ;

    public static void hashFunc1(String key, int arraySize) {
        int pow27 = 1;
        int totalVal = 0;
        for (int i = key.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            int letter = key.charAt(i) - 96; //a=1, b=2, c=3...
            totalVal = totalVal + letter * pow27;
            pow27 *= 27;
        }
        int hashVal = totalVal % arraySize;
        System.out.println("totalVal -> " + totalVal);
        System.out.println("hashVal  -> " + hashVal);
    }

hashFunc1()方法并无那么高效,循环中有两次相乘和一次相加。还有一种 Horner 方法的数学恒等式取代乘法:

val4*n4 + val3*n3 + val2*n2 + val1*n1 + val0*n0     ——>    (((val4*n + val3)*n + val2)*n + val1)*n+val0

    public static void hashFunc2(String key, int arraySize) {
        int totalVal = key.charAt(0) - 96;
        for (int i = 1; i < key.length(); i++) {
            int letter = key.charAt(i) - 96;
            totalVal = totalVal * 27 + letter;
        }
        int hashVal = totalVal % arraySize;
        System.out.println("totalVal -> " + totalVal);
        System.out.println("hashVal  -> " + hashVal);
    }

但是,以上的算法不能处理大于7个字符的字符串,更长的字符会导致 totalVal 超出 int 的类型范围,如果使用 long 也会有可能导致溢出。

在 Horner 公式的每一步,都可以应用取模操作符(%),最后得出的 hashVal 也是一样的,可以避免溢出。

    public static void hashFunc3(String key, int arraySize) {
        int hashVal = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < key.length(); i++) {
            int letter = key.charAt(i) - 96;
            hashVal = (hashVal * 27 + letter) % arraySize;
        }
        System.out.println("hashVal -> " + hashVal);
    }
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xuekyo/p/2912963.html