本文是转发自：https://www.dataquest.io/blog/jupyter-notebook-tips-tricks-shortcuts/ 的一篇文章，先记录在此，等有空时我会翻译成中文。
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原文内容如下：
27 Jupyter Notebook tips, tricks and shortcuts
12 OCT 2016 in resources and guides
This post originally appeared on Alex Rogozhnikov’s blog, ‘Brilliantly Wrong’. Alex has graciously let us republish his post here.
Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter notebook, formerly known as the IPython notebook, is a flexible tool that helps you create readable analyses, as you can keep code, images, comments, formulae and plots together.
Jupyter is quite extensible, supports many programming languages and is easily hosted on your computer or on almost any server — you only need to have ssh or http access. Best of all, it’s completely free.
The Jupyter interface.
By default, Jupyter works with Python kernels - hence its historical name as the IPython notebook. Jupyter notebook is produced by the Jupyter project - the name Jupyter is an indirect acronyum of the three core languages it was designed for: JUlia, PYThon, and R and is inspired by the planet Jupiter. We’re going to show you 27 tips and tricks to make your life working with Jupyter easier.
1. Keyboard Shortcuts
As any power user knows, keyboard shortcuts will save you lots of time. Jupyter stores a list of keybord shortcuts under the menu at the top: Help > Keyboard Shortcuts. It’s worth checking this each time you update Jupyter, as more shortcuts are added all the time.
Another way to access keyboard shortcuts, and a handy way to learn them is to use the command palette: Cmd + Shift + P (or Ctrl + Shift + P on Linux and Windows). This dialog box helps you run any command by name - useful if you don’t know the keyboard shortcut for an action or if what you want to do does not have a keyboard shortcut. The functionality is similar to Spotlight search on a Mac, and once you start using it you’ll wonder how you lived without it!
The command palette.
Some of my favorites:
Esc + FFind and replace on your code but not the outputs.Esc + OToggle cell output.- Select Multiple Cells:
-Shift + JorShift + Downselects the next sell in a downwards direction. You can also select sells in an upwards direction by usingShift + KorShift + Up.- Once cells are selected, you can then delete / copy / cut / paste / run them as a batch. This is helpful when you need to move parts of a notebook.
- You can also use
Shift + Mto merge multiple cells.
Merging multiple cells.
2. Pretty Display of Variables
The first part of this is pretty widely known. By finishing a Jupyter cell with the name of a variable or unassigned output of a statement, Jupyter will display that variable without the need for a print statement. This is especially useful when dealing with Pandas DataFrames, as the output is neatly formatted into a table.
What is known less, is that you can alter a modify the ast_note_interactivity kernel option to make jupyter do this for any variable or statement on it’s own line, so you can see the value of multiple statements at once.
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all"
from pydataset import data
quakes = data('quakes')
quakes.head()
quakes.tail()
If you want to set this behaviour for all instances of Jupyter (Notebook and Console), simply create a file ~/.ipython/profile_default/ipython_config.py with the lines below.
c = get_config()
# Run all nodes interactively
c.InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all"3. Easy links to documentation
Inside the Help menu you’ll find handy links to the online documentation for common libraries including NumPy, Pandas, SciPy and Matplotlib.
Don’t forget also that by prepending a library, method or variable with ?, you can access the Docstring for quick reference on syntax.
?str.replace()
4. Plotting in notebooks
There are many options for generating plots in your notebooks.
- matplotlib (the de-facto standard), activated with %matplotlib inline - Here’s a Dataquest Matplotlib Tutorial.
- %matplotlib notebook provides interactivity but can be a little slow, since rendering is done server-side.
- mpld3 provides alternative renderer (using d3) for matplotlib code. Quite nice, though incomplete.
- bokeh is a better option for building interactive plots.
- plot.ly can generate nice plots but is a paid service.
The Jupyter interface.
5. Jupyter Magic Commands
The %matplotlib inline you saw above was an example of a Jupyter Magic command.
# This will list all magic commands
%lsmagic
I recommend browsing the documentation for all Jupyter magic commands as you’ll no doubt find some that work for you. A few of my favorites are below:
6. Jupyter Magic - %env: Set Environment Variables
You can manage environment variables of your notebook without restarting the jupyter server process. Some libraries (like theano) use environment variables to control behavior, %env is the most convenient way.
# Running %env without any arguments
# lists all environment variables
# The line below sets the environment
# variable OMP_NUM_THREADS
%env OMP_NUM_THREADS=4
7. Jupyter Magic - %run: Execute python code
%run can execute python code from .py files - this is well-documented behavior. Lesser known is the fact that it can also execute other jupyter notebooks, which can quite useful.
Note that using %run is not the same as importing a python module.
# this will execute and show the output from
# all code cells of the specified notebook
%run ./two-histograms.ipynb
8. Jupyter Magic - %load: Insert the code from an external script
This will replace the contents of the cell with an external script. You can either use a file on your computer as a source, or alternatively a URL.
# Before Running
%load ./hello_world.py
# After Running
# %load ./hello_world.py
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Hello World!")
9. Jupyter Magic - %store: Pass variables between notebooks.
The %store command lets you pass variables between two different notebooks.
data = 'this is the string I want to pass to different notebook'
%store data
del data # This has deleted the variable
Now, in a new notebook…
%store -r data
print(data)
10. Jupyter Magic - %who: List all variables of global scope.
The %who command without any arguments will list all variables that existing in the global scope. Passing a parameter like str will list only variables of that type.
one = "for the money"
two = "for the show"
three = "to get ready now go cat go"
%who str
11. Jupyter Magic - Timing
There are two jupyter magic commands that are useful for timing - %%time and %timeit. These are especially handy when you have some slow code and you’re trying to indentify where the issue is.
tk double check my descriptions here.
%%time will give you information about a single run of the code in your cell.
%%time
import time
for _ in range(1000):
time.sleep(0.01)# sleep for 0.01 seconds
%%timeit uses the Python timeit module which runs a statement 100,000 times (by default) and then provides the mean of the fastest three times.
import numpy
%timeit numpy.random.normal(size=100)
12. Jupyter Magic - %%writefile and %pycat: Export the contents of a cell/Show the contents of an external script
Using the %%writefile magic saves the contents of that cell to an external file. %pycat does the opposite, and shows you (in a popup) the syntax highlighted contents of an external file.
%%writefile pythoncode.py
import numpy
def append_if_not_exists(arr, x):
if x not in arr:
arr.append(x)
def some_useless_slow_function():
arr = list()
for i in range(10000):
x = numpy.random.randint(0, 10000)
append_if_not_exists(arr, x)
%pycat pythoncode.py
13. Jupyter Magic - %prun: Show how much time your program spent in each function.
Using %prun statement_name will give you an ordered table showing you the number of times each internal function was called within the statement, the time each call took as well as the cumulative time of all runs of the function.
%prun some_useless_slow_function()
14. Jupyter Magic - Debugging with %pdb
Jupyter has own interface for The Python Debugger (pdb). This makes it possible to go inside the function and investigate what happens there.
You can view a list of accepted commands for pdb here.
%pdb
def pick_and_take():
picked = numpy.random.randint(0, 1000)
raise NotImplementedError()
pick_and_take()
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15. Suppress the output of a final function.
Sometimes it’s handy to suppress the output of the function on a final line, for instance when plotting. To do this, you just add a semicolon at the end.
%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy
x = numpy.linspace(0, 1, 1000)**1.5
# Here you get the output of the function
plt.hist(x)
# By adding a semicolon at the end, the output is suppressed.
plt.hist(x);
16. Executing Shell Commands
It’s easy to execute a shell command from inside your notebook. You can use this to check what datasets are in available in your working folder:
!ls *.csv
Or to check and manage packages.
!pip install numpy
!pip list | grep pandas
17. Using LaTeX for forumlas
When you write LaTeX in a Markdown cell, it will be rendered as a formula using MathJax.
This:
$$ P(A mid B) = frac{P(B mid A) \, P(A)}{P(B)} $$
Becomes this:
Markdown is an important part of notebooks, so don’t forget to use its expressiveness!
18. Run code from a different kernel in a notebook
If you want to, you can combine code from multiple kernels into one notebook.
Just use Jupyter magics with the name of your kernel at the start of each cell that you want to use that Kernel for:
%%bash%%HTML%%python2%%python3%%ruby%%perl
%%bash
for i in {1..5}
do
echo "i is $i"
done
19. Install other kernels for Jupyter
One of the nice features about Jupyter is ability to run kernels for different languages. As an example, here is how to get and R kernel running.
Easy Option: Installing the R Kernel Using Anaconda
If you used Anaconda to set up your environment, getting R working is extremely easy. Just run the below in your terminal:
conda install -c r r-essentials
Less Easy Option: Installing the R Kernel Manually
If you are not using Anaconda, the process is a little more complex. Firstly, you’ll need to install R from CRANif you haven’t already.
Once that’s done, fire up an R console and run the following:
install.packages(c('repr', 'IRdisplay', 'crayon', 'pbdZMQ', 'devtools'))
devtools::install_github('IRkernel/IRkernel')
IRkernel::installspec() # to register the kernel in the current R installation
20. Running R and Python in the same notebook.
The best solution to this is to install rpy2 (requires a working version of R as well), which can be easily done with pip:
pip install rpy2
You can then use the two languages together, and even pass variables inbetween:
%load_ext rpy2.ipython
%R require(ggplot2)
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({
'Letter': ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c'],
'X': [4, 3, 5, 2, 1, 7, 7, 5, 9],
'Y': [0, 4, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 9, 13],
'Z': [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
})
%%R -i df
ggplot(data = df) + geom_point(aes(x = X, y= Y, color = Letter, size = Z))
Example courtesy Revolutions Blog
21. Writing functions in other languages
Sometimes the speed of numpy is not enough and I need to write some fast code.
In principle, you can compile function in the dynamic library and write python wrappers…
But it is much better when this boring part is done for you, right?
You can write functions in cython or fortran and use those directly from python code.
First you’ll need to install:
!pip install cython fortran-magic
%load_ext Cython
%%cython
def myltiply_by_2(float x):
return 2.0 * x
myltiply_by_2(23.)
Personally I prefer to use fortran, which I found very convenient for writing number-crunching functions. More details of usage can be found here.
%load_ext fortranmagic
%%fortran
subroutine compute_fortran(x, y, z)
real, intent(in) :: x(:), y(:)
real, intent(out) :: z(size(x, 1))
z = sin(x + y)
end subroutine compute_fortran
compute_fortran([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
There are also different jitter systems which can speed up your python code. More examples can be found here.
22. Multicursor support
Jupyter supports mutiple cursors, similar to Sublime Text. Simply click and drag your mouse while holding down Alt.
Multicursor support.
23. Jupyter-contrib extensions
Jupyter-contrib extensions is a family of extensions which give Jupyter a lot more functionality, including e.g. jupyter spell-checker and code-formatter.
The following commands will install the extensions, as well as a menu based configurator that will help you browse and enable the extensions from the main Jupyter notebook screen.
!pip install https://github.com/ipython-contrib/jupyter_contrib_nbextensions/tarball/master
!pip install jupyter_nbextensions_configurator
!jupyter contrib nbextension install --user
!jupyter nbextensions_configurator enable --user
The nbextension configurator.
24. Create a presentation from a Jupyter notebook.
Damian Avila’s RISE allows you to create a powerpoint style presentation from an existing notebook.
You can install RISE using conda:
conda install -c damianavila82 rise
Or alternatively pip:
pip install RISE
And then run the following code to install and enable the extension:
jupyter-nbextension install rise --py --sys-prefix
jupyter-nbextension enable rise --py --sys-prefix
25. The Jupyter output system
Notebooks are displayed as HTML and the cell output can be HTML, so you can return virtually anything: video/audio/images.
In this example I scan the folder with images in my repository and show thumbnails of the first 5:
import os
from IPython.display import display, Image
names = [f for f in os.listdir('../images/ml_demonstrations/') if f.endswith('.png')]
for name in names[:5]:
display(Image('../images/ml_demonstrations/' + name, width=100))
We can create the same list with a bash command, because magics and bash calls return python variables:
names = !ls ../images/ml_demonstrations/*.png
names[:5]
26. ‘Big data’ analysis
A number of solutions are available for querying/processing large data samples:
- ipyparallel (formerly ipython cluster) is a good option for simple map-reduce operations in python. We use it in rep to train many machine learning models in parallel
- pyspark
- spark-sql magic %%sql
27. Sharing notebooks
The easiest way to share your notebook is simply using the notebook file (.ipynb), but for those who don’t use Jupyter, you have a few options:
- Convert notebooks to html file using the
File > Download as > HTMLMenu option. - Share your notebook file with gists or on github, both of which render the notebooks. See this example.
- If you upload your notebook to a github repository, you can use the handy mybinder service to allow someone half an hour of interactive Jupyter access to your repository.
- Setup your own system with jupyterhub, this is very handy when you organize mini-course or workshop and don’t have time to care about students machines.
- Store your notebook e.g. in dropbox and put the link to nbviewer. nbviewer will render the notebook from whichever source you host it.
- Use the
File > Download as > PDFmenu to save your notebook as a PDF. If you’re going this route, I highly recommend reading Julius Schulz’s excellent article Making publication ready Python notebooks. - Create a blog using Pelican from your Jupyter notebooks.