使用binlog日志， XtraBackup备份工具 ，MySQL AB复制

使用binlog日志

1.1 问题

利用binlog恢复库表，要求如下：

  1. 启用binlog日志
  2. 创建db1库tb1表，插入3条记录
  3. 删除tb1表中刚插入的3条记录
  4. 使用mysqlbinlog恢复删除的3条记录

1.2 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：启用binlog日志

1）调整/etc/my.cnf配置，并重启服务

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
  2. [mysqld]
  3. .. ..
  4. log-bin-index=mysql-bin                             //启用二进制日志，并指定前缀
  5. server_id=1
  6. binlog_format=STATEMENT //在Mysql5.7中，binlog日志格式默认为ROW，但它不记录sql语句上下文相关信息。需要将binlog日志格式修改为STATEMENT
  7. .. ..
  8. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service

2）确认binlog日志文件

新启用binlog后，每次启动MySQl服务都会新生成一份日志文件：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.*
  2. /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000001 /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index

其中mysql-bin.index文件记录了当前保持的二进制文件列表：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
  2. ./mysql-bin.000001

重启MySQL服务程序，或者执行SQL操作“FLUSH LOGS;”，会生成一份新的日志：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.*
  2. /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000001 /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
  3. /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000002
  5. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
  6. ./mysql-bin.000001
  7. ./mysql-bin.000002

步骤二：利用binlog日志重做数据库操作

1）执行数据库表添加操作

创建db1·库tb1表，表结构自定义：

  1. mysql> CREATE DATABASE db1;
  2. Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
  4. mysql> USE db1;
  5. Database changed
  6. mysql> CREATE TABLE tb1(
  7. -> id int(4) NOT NULL,name varchar(24)
  8. -> );
  9. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)

插入3条表记录：

  1. mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 VALUES
  2. -> (1,'Jack'),
  3. -> (2,'Kenthy'),
  4. -> (3,'Bob');
  5. Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.12 sec)
  6. Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

确认插入的表记录数据：

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1;
  2. +----+--------+
  3. | id | name |
  4. +----+--------+
  5. | 1 | Jack |
  6. | 2 | Kenthy |
  7. | 3 | Bob |
  8. +----+--------+
  9. 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2）删除前一步添加的3条表记录

执行删除所有表记录操作：

  1. mysql> DELETE FROM tb1;
  2. Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.09 sec)

确认删除结果：

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1;
  2. Empty set (0.00 sec)

步骤三：通过binlog日志恢复表记录

binlog会记录所有的数据库、表更改操作，所以可在必要的时候重新执行以前做过的一部分数据操作，但对于启用binlog之前已经存在的库、表数据将不适用。

根据上述“恢复被删除的3条表记录”的需求，应通过mysqlbinlog工具查看相关日志文件，找到删除这些表记录的时间点，只要恢复此前的SQL操作（主要是插入那3条记录的操作）即可。

1）查看mysql-bin.000002日志内容

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysqlbinlog /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000002
  2. /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
  3. /*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
  4. DELIMITER /*!*/;
  5. # at 4
  6. #170412 12:05:32 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x6d8c069c Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.17-log created 170412 12:05:32 at startup
  7. # Warning: this binlog is either in use or was not closed properly.
  8. ROLLBACK/*!*/;
  9. BINLOG '
  10. jKftWA8BAAAAdwAAAHsAAAABAAQANS43LjE3LWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
  11. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACMp+1YEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAXwAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAACgoKKioAEjQA
  12. AZwGjG0=
  13. '/*!*/;
  14. # at 123
  15. #170412 12:05:32 server id 1 end_log_pos 154 CRC32 0x17f50164 Previous-GTIDs
  16. # [empty]
  17. # at 154
  18. #170412 12:05:59 server id 1 end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0x4ba5a976 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=1
  19. SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
  20. # at 219
  21. #170412 12:05:59 server id 1 end_log_pos 310 CRC32 0x5b66ae13 Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0
  22. SET TIMESTAMP=1491969959/*!*/;
  23. SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=3/*!*/;
  24. SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
  25. SET @@session.sql_mode=1436549152/*!*/;
  26. SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
  27. /*!C utf8 *//*!*/;
  28. SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
  29. SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
  30. SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
  31. CREATE DATABASE db1
  32. /*!*/;
  33. # at 310
  34. #170412 12:06:23 server id 1 end_log_pos 375 CRC32 0x2967cc28 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=1 sequence_number=2
  35. SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
  36. # at 375
  37. #170412 12:06:23 server id 1 end_log_pos 502 CRC32 0x5de09aae Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0
  38. use `db1`/*!*/;
  39. SET TIMESTAMP=1491969983/*!*/;
  40. CREATE TABLE tb1(
  41. id int(4) NOT NULL,name varchar(24)
  42. )
  43. /*!*/;
  44. # at 502
  45. #170412 12:06:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 567 CRC32 0x0b8cd418 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=2 sequence_number=3
  46. SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
  47. # at 567
  48. #170412 12:06:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 644 CRC32 0x7e8f2fa0 Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0
  49. SET TIMESTAMP=1491970015/*!*/;
  50. BEGIN
  51. /*!*/;
  52. # at 644
  53. #170412 12:06:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 772 CRC32 0x4e3f728e Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 //插入表记录的起始时间点
  54. SET TIMESTAMP=1491970015/*!*/;
  55. INSERT INTO tb1 VALUES(1,'Jack'),(2,'Kenthy'), (3,'Bob')
  56. /*!*/;
  57. # at 772
  58. #170412 12:06:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 803 CRC32 0x6138b21f Xid = 10
  59. //确认事务的时间点
  60. COMMIT/*!*/;
  61. # at 803
  62. #170412 12:07:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 868 CRC32 0xbef3f472 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=3 sequence_number=4
  63. SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
  64. # at 868
  65. #170412 12:07:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 945 CRC32 0x5684e92c Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0
  66. SET TIMESTAMP=1491970044/*!*/;
  67. BEGIN
  68. /*!*/;
  69. # at 945
  70. #170412 12:07:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1032 CRC32 0x4c1c75fc Query thread_id=3 exec_time=0 error_code=0 //删除表记录的时间点
  71. SET TIMESTAMP=1491970044/*!*/;
  72. DELETE FROM tb1
  73. /*!*/;
  74. # at 1032
  75. #170412 12:07:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1063 CRC32 0xccf549b2 Xid = 12
  76. COMMIT/*!*/;
  77. SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;
  78. DELIMITER ;
  79. # End of log file
  80. /*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
  81. /*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;

2） 执行指定Pos节点范围内的sql命令恢复数据

根据上述日志分析，只要恢复从2014.01.12 20:12:14到2014.01.12 20:13:50之间的操作即可。可通过mysqlbinlog指定时间范围输出，结合管道交给msyql命令执行导入重做：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysqlbinlog
  2. --start-datetime="2017-04-12 12:06:55"
  3. --stop-datetime="2017-04-12 12:07:23"
  4. /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
  5. Enter password:                                  //验证口令

3）确认恢复结果

  1. mysql> SELECT * FROM db1.tb1;
  2. +----+--------+
  3. | id | name |
  4. +----+--------+
  5. | 1 | Jack |
  6. | 2 | Kenthy |
  7. | 3 | Bob |
  8. +----+--------+
  9. 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2 XtraBackup备份工具

2.1 问题

  1. 安装XtraBackup软件包。
  2. 使用XtraBackup执行完整备份、增量备份。
  3. 准备数据恢复目录。

2.2 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：安装XtraBackup软件包

1）了解软件包描述信息

  1. [root@dbsvr1 pub]# rpm -qpi percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
  2. Name : percona-xtrabackup-24
  3. Version : 2.4.6
  4. Release : 2.el7
  5. Architecture: x86_64
  6. Install Date: (not installed)
  7. Group : Applications/Databases
  8. Size : 32416340
  9. License : GPLv2
  10. Signature : DSA/SHA1, 2017年02月27日 星期一 20时28分17秒, Key ID 1c4cbdcdcd2efd2a
  11. Source RPM : percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.src.rpm
  12. Build Date : 2017年02月27日 星期一 20时27分21秒
  13. Build Host : vps-centos7-x64-01.ci.percona.com
  14. Relocations : (not relocatable)
  15. URL : http://www.percona.com/software/percona-xtrabackup
  16. Summary : XtraBackup online backup for MySQL / InnoDB
  17. Description :
  18. Percona XtraBackup is OpenSource online (non-blockable) backup solution for InnoDB and XtraDB engines

2）安装依赖包perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Digest-MD5 libev

使用RHEL 7自带的即可，yum方式安装：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 pub]# yum -y install perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Digest-MD5
  2. libev使用网上找的rpm包 libev-4.15-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm //该包由讲师提供
  3. [root@dbsvr1 pub]#rpm –ivh libev-4.15-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm

如果未安装这些依赖包，则直接安装percona-xtrabackup时会报错：

代码

3）安装percona-xtrabackup

  1. [root@dbsvr1 pub]#rpm -ivh percona-xtrabackup-*.rpm
  2. 警告：percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, 密钥 ID cd2efd2a: NOKEY
  3. 准备中... ################################# [100%]
  4. 正在升级/安装...
  5. 1:percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7################################# [ 33%]
  6. 2:percona-xtrabackup-test-24-2.4.6-################################# [ 67%]
  7. 3:percona-xtrabackup-24-debuginfo-2################################# [100%]

4）确认安装的主要程序/脚本

  1. [root@dbsvr1 pub]# rpm -ql percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64
  2. /usr/bin/innobackupex
  3. /usr/bin/xbcloud
  4. /usr/bin/xbcloud_osenv
  5. /usr/bin/xbcrypt
  6. /usr/bin/xbstream
  7. /usr/bin/xtrabackup
  8. /usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6
  9. /usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6/COPYING
  10. /usr/share/man/man1/innobackupex.1.gz
  11. /usr/share/man/man1/xbcrypt.1.gz
  12. /usr/share/man/man1/xbstream.1.gz
  13. /usr/share/man/man1/xtrabackup.1.gz

步骤二：使用XtraBackup执行数据库备份

--host 主机名

--port 3306

--user 用户名

--password 密码

--databases="库名"

--databases="库1 库2"

--databases="库.表"

--no-timestamp 不用日期命名备份文件存储的子目录，使用备份的数据库名做备份目录名

--no-timestmap 不使用日期命名备份目录名

1）做一个完整备份

默认情况下，备份文件存储的子目录会用日期命名，

innobackupex作为客户端工具，以mysql协议连入mysqld，将数据备份到/backup文件夹：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=1234567 /backup/mysql –no-timestamp
  2. 170425 11:05:44 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation
  4. IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
  5. At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
  6. prints "completed OK!".
  8. Unrecognized character x01; marked by <-- HERE after <-- HERE near column 1 at - line 1374.
  9. 170425 11:05:45 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: not set, socket: not set
  10. Using server version 5.7.17
  11. innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)
  12. xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
  13. xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
  14. xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
  15. xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
  16. xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .
  17. xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
  18. xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
  19. xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
  20. xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
  21. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  22. 170425 11:05:45 >> log scanned up to (2543893)
  23. xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
  24. InnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0
  25. 170425 11:05:45 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /backup/ibdata1
  26. 170425 11:05:45 [01] ...done
  27. 170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.ibd to /backup/mysql/plugin.ibd
  28. 170425 11:05:46 [01] ...done
  29. 170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/servers.ibd to /backup/mysql/servers.ibd
  30. 170425 11:05:46 [01] ...done
  31. 170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_topic.ibd to /backup/mysql/help_topic.ibd
  32. 170425 11:05:46 [01] ...done
  33. 170425 11:05:46 >> log scanned up to (2543893)
  34. .. ..
  35. 170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./sys/x@0024waits_global_by_latency.frm to /backup/sys/x@0024waits_global_by_latency.frm
  36. 170425 11:06:00 [01] ...done
  37. 170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./sys/session_ssl_status.frm to /backup/sys/session_ssl_status.frm
  38. 170425 11:06:00 [01] ...done
  39. 170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./db1/db.opt to /backup/db1/db.opt
  40. 170425 11:06:00 [01] ...done
  41. 170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./db1/tb1.frm to /backup/db1/tb1.frm
  42. 170425 11:06:00 [01] ...done
  43. 170425 11:06:00 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
  44. 170425 11:06:00 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
  45. xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '2543884'
  46. xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
  47. .170425 11:06:00 >> log scanned up to (2543893)
  49. 170425 11:06:00 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
  50. 170425 11:06:00 All tables unlocked
  51. 170425 11:06:00 [00] Copying ib_buffer_pool to /backup/ib_buffer_pool
  52. 170425 11:06:00 [00] ...done
  53. 170425 11:06:00 Backup created in directory '/backup/'
  54. 170425 11:06:00 [00] Writing backup-my.cnf
  55. 170425 11:06:00 [00] ...done
  56. 170425 11:06:00 [00] Writing xtrabackup_info
  57. 170425 11:06:00 [00] ...done
  58. xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (2543884) to (2543893) was copied.
  59. 170425 11:06:01 completed OK

确认备份好的文件数据：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#ls /backup/
  2. backup-my.cnf ib_buffer_pool mysql sys xtrabackup_info
  3. db1 ibdata1 performance_schema xtrabackup_checkpoints xtrabackup_logfile

2）做一个增量备份（基于前一步的完整备份）

随意做一些新增或更改库表的操作，比如在db1库中新建一个mytb的表：

  1. mysql> USE db1;
  2. Database changed
  3. mysql> CREATE TABLE mytb(id int(4), name varchar(24));
  4. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)
  5. mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 VALUES
  6. -> (1,'bon'),
  7. -> (2,'bo'),
  8. Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.12 sec)
  9. Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  10. mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1;
  11. +------+------+
  12. | id | name |
  13. +------+------+
  14. | 1 | bob |
  15. | 2 | bo |
  16. +------+------+
  17. 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以前一次保存到/backup的完整备份为基础，做一个增量备份，保存到/incr01/，指定增量备份参照的基本目录（完整备份目录）需要用到选项--incremental-basedir。相关操作如下：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --incremental /incr01 --incremental-basedir=/backup/ --no-timestamp
  2. 170425 11:30:14 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation
  4. IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
  5. At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
  6. prints "completed OK!".
  8. Unrecognized character x01; marked by <-- HERE after <-- HERE near column 1 at - line 1374.
  9. 170425 11:30:14 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: not set, socket: not set
  10. Using server version 5.7.17
  11. innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)
  12. incremental backup from 2543884 is enabled.
  13. xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
  14. xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
  15. xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
  16. xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
  17. xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .
  18. xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
  19. xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
  20. xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
  21. xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
  22. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  23. 170425 11:30:14 >> log scanned up to (2549933)
  24. xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
  25. InnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0
  26. xtrabackup: using the full scan for incremental backup
  27. 170425 11:30:15 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /incr01/ibdata1.delta
  28. 170425 11:30:15 [01] ...done
  29. 170425 11:30:15 >> log scanned up to (2549933)
  30. 170425 11:30:15 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.ibd to /incr01/mysql/plugin.ibd.delta
  31. 170425 11:30:15 [01] ...done
  32. ... ...
  33. 170425 11:30:35 Executing UNLOCK TABLES
  34. 170425 11:30:35 All tables unlocked
  35. 170425 11:30:35 [00] Copying ib_buffer_pool to /incr01/ib_buffer_pool
  36. 170425 11:30:35 [00] ...done
  37. 170425 11:30:35 Backup created in directory '/incr01/'
  38. 170425 11:30:35 [00] Writing backup-my.cnf
  39. 170425 11:30:35 [00] ...done
  40. 170425 11:30:35 [00] Writing xtrabackup_info
  41. 170425 11:30:35 [00] ...done
  42. xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (2549924) to (2549933) was copied.
  43. 170425 11:30:35 completed OK!

确认备份好的文件数据：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls /incr01/
  2. backup-my.cnf ib_buffer_pool ibdata1.meta performance_schema xtrabackup_checkpoints xtrabackup_logfile
  3. db1 ibdata1.delta mysql sys

对比完整备份、增量备份的大小：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# du -sh /backup/ /incr01/
  2. 142M    /backup/ //完整备份的大小
  3. 3.5M    /incr01/ //增量备份的大小

步骤三：准备用于恢复的数据库目录

通过XtraBackup工具备份的数据库目录，若要恢复到另一个MySQL服务器，需要先做一个“--apply-log --redo-only ”的准备操作。

1）准备恢复“完整备份”

完成准备以后，最终/backup可用来重建MySQL服务器。这种情况下，需要先做一个“--apply-log --redo-only ”的准备操作，以确保数据一致性：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --apply-log --redo-only /backup/
  2. 170425 11:42:19 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operation
  4. IMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.
  5. At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupex
  6. prints "completed OK!".
  8. innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)
  9. xtrabackup: cd to /backup/
  10. xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared.
  11. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  12. xtrabackup: notice: xtrabackup_logfile was already used to '--prepare'.
  13. xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
  14. xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .
  15. xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
  16. xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
  17. xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
  18. xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
  19. xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
  20. xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .
  21. xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
  22. xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = .
  23. xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
  24. xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
  25. xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
  26. xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
  27. InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
  28. InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
  29. InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
  30. InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
  31. InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
  32. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  33. InnoDB: Not using CPU crc32 instructions
  34. InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100M
  35. InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
  36. InnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20
  37. InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
  39. xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
  40. InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
  41. InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 2544177
  42. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  43. 170425 11:42:20 completed OK!

准备恢复“增量备份”

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --apply-log --redo-only /backup/ --incremental-dir=/incr01
  2. 170425 11:42:55 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operation
  4. IMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.
  5. At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupex
  6. prints "completed OK!".
  8. innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)
  9. incremental backup from 2543884 is enabled.
  10. xtrabackup: cd to /backup/
  11. xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared with --apply-log-only.
  12. InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
  13. xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(2549924)
  14. xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:
  15. xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .
  16. xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
  17. xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = /incr01/
  18. xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
  19. xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 8388608
  20. xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
  21. InnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0
  22. xtrabackup: page size for /incr01//ibdata1.delta is 16384 bytes
  23. Applying /incr01//ibdata1.delta to ./ibdata1...
  24. ... ...
  25. 170425 11:43:09 [01] Copying /incr01/performance_schema/global_status.frm to ./performance_schema/global_status.frm
  26. 170425 11:43:09 [01] ...done
  27. 170425 11:43:09 [01] Copying /incr01/performance_schema/session_status.frm to ./performance_schema/session_status.frm
  28. 170425 11:43:09 [01] ...done
  29. 170425 11:43:09 [00] Copying /incr01//xtrabackup_info to ./xtrabackup_info
  30. 170425 11:43:09 [00] ...done
  31. 170425 11:43:10 completed OK!

2）关闭mysql服务，并将/var/lib/mysql/下的文件删除，假设数据被删除。

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#systemctl stop mysqld
  2. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#rm -rf /var/lib/mysql

3）恢复“完整备份+增量备份”

完成准备以后，最终仍然是/backup用来重建MySQL服务器，但这种情况下需提前合并相关增量备份的数据

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --copy-back /backup/
  2. ... ...
  3. 170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/global_status.frm to /var/lib/mysql/performance_schema/glo.frm
  4. 170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done
  5. 170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/session_status.frm to /var/lib/mysql/performance_schema/seus.frm
  6. 170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done
  7. 170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./ib_buffer_pool to /var/lib/mysql/ib_buffer_pool
  8. 170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done
  9. 170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./ibtmp1 to /var/lib/mysql/ibtmp1
  10. 170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done
  11. 170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./xtrabackup_info to /var/lib/mysql/xtrabackup_info
  12. 170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done
  13. 170425 11:51:39 completed OK!

4）修改/var/lib/mysql/下文件属主与属组,查看数据：

恢复后，/var/lib/mysql下文件属组与属主皆为root，需要更改为mysql

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
  2. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#systemctl start mysqld.service
  3. [root@dbsvr1 ~]#mysql -uroot -p12345678 -e "select * from db1.tb1"
  4. mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
  5. +------+------+
  6. | id | name |
  7. +------+------+
  8. | 1 | bob |
  9. | 2 | bo |
  10. +------+------+

3 MySQL AB复制

3.1 问题

  1. 配置2台MySQL服务器，实现 主-->从 同步。
  2. 其中Master服务器允许SQL查询、写入，Slave服务器只允许SQL查询

3.2 方案

使用2台RHEL 6虚拟机，如图-1所示。其中192.168.4.10是MySQL主服务器，负责提供同步源；另一台192.168.4.20作为MySQL从服务器， 通过调取主服务器上的binlog日志，在本地重做对应的库、表，实现与主服务器的AB复制（同步）。

图－1

提前为两台MySQL服务器安装好MySQL-server、MySQL-Client软件包，并为数据库用户root修改密码；Linux客户机上则只需安装MySQL-Client软件包即可。

3.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：初始化现有库

为了在启用binlog日志及同步之前保持主、从库的一致性，建议进行初始化——备份主服务器上现有的库，然后导入到从服务器上。

当现有库、表都采用MyISAM引擎时，可执行离线备份、恢复，这样更有效率；否则，可通过mysqldump等工具来实现库的导出、导入。

1）备份MySQL Master（192.168.4.10）上现有的库

如果服务器已经启用binlog，建议对日志做一次重置，否则可忽略：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p
  2. Enter password:                                 //以数据库用户root登入
  3. .. ..
  4. mysql> RESET MASTER;                             //重置binlog日志
  5. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
  6. mysql> quit                                     //退出mysql> 环境
  7. Bye

以备份mysql库、sys库为例，导出操作如下：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p –all-databases > /root/mytest.sql
  2. Enter password:                                     //验证口令
  3. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls -lh /root/mytest.sql             //确认备份结果
  4. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 777172 4月 23 12:21 /root/mytest.sql

2）在MySQL Slave（192.168.4.20）上导入备份的库

先清理目标库，避免导入时冲突。主要是采用InnoDB引擎的库，授权库mysql多采用MyISAM引擎，可不做清理。

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# mysql -u root -p
  2. Enter password:                                 //以数据库用户root登入
  3. .. ..
  4. mysql> DROP DATABASE test;                         //删除test库
  5. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
  6. mysql> quit                                     //退出mysql> 环境
  7. Bye

使用scp工具下载备份文件：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# scp /root/mytest.sql root@192.168.4.20:/
  2. root@dbsvr1's password:                         //验证对方系统用户root的口令
  3. mytest.sql 100% 759KB 759.0KB/s 00:00
  4. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# ls -lh mytest.sql             //确认下载结果
  5. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 759K 4月 23 12:22 /mytest.sql

执行导入操作：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# mysql -u root -p < /mytest.sql
  2. Enter password:                                 //验证口令

导入成功后，可重新登入 mysql> 环境，确认清理的目标库已恢复：

  1. mysql> show databases;
  2. +--------------------+
  3. | Database |
  4. +--------------------+
  5. | information_schema |
  6. | mysql |
  7. | performance_schema |
  8. | sys |                         
  9. +--------------------+
  10. 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤二：配置MySQL Master（主服务器，192.168.4.10）

1）修改/etc/my.cnf配置，重新启动MySQL服务程序

指定服务器ID号、允许日志同步：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 mysql]# vim /etc/my.cnf
  2. [mysqld]
  3. log_bin=dbsvr1-bin                     //启用binlog日志，并指定文件名前缀
  4. server_id = 10                         //指定服务器ID号
  5. ......

重启mysql服务：

  1. [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service

2）新建一个备份用户，授予复制权限

需要的权限为REPLICATION SLAVE，允许其从Slave服务器访问：

  1. mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'replicater'@'192.168.4.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'pwd123';
  2. Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.09 sec)

3）检查Master服务器的同步状态

在已经初始化现有库的情况下，查看MASTER状态，记录下当前的日志文件名、偏移的位置（下面SLAVE发起复制时需要用到）：

  1. mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUSG
  2. *************************** 1. row ***************************
  3. File: dbsvr1-bin.000001 //记住当前的日志文件名
  4. Position: 154 //记住当前的位置
  5. Binlog_Do_DB:
  6. Binlog_Ignore_DB:
  7. Executed_Gtid_Set:
  8. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

步骤三：配置MySQL Slave（从服务器，192.168.4.20）

1）修改/etc/my.cnf配置，重新启动MySQL服务程序

指定服务器ID号、允许日志同步：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
  2. [mysqld]
  3. log_bin=dbsvr2-bin                     //启动SQL日志，并指定文件名前缀
  4. server_id = 20                         //指定服务器ID号，不要与Master的相同
  5. .. ..

在生产环境中，还可以根据需要设置更详细的同步选项。比如，指定当主、从网络中断时的重试超时时间（slave-net-timeout=60 ）等，具体可参考MySQL手册。

配置完成后，重启mysql服务：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service

通过CHANGE MASTER语句指定MASTER服务器的IP地址、同步用户名/密码、起始日志文件、偏移位置（参考MASTER上的状态输出）：

  1. mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.4.10',
  2. -> MASTER_USER='replicater',
  3. -> MASTER_PASSWORD='pwd123',
  4. -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='dbsvr1-bin.000002',     //对应Master的日志文件
  5. -> MASTER_LOG_POS=334;                         //对应Master的日志偏移位置
  6. Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.12 sec)

然后执行START SLAVE（较早版本中为SLAVE START）启动复制：

  1. mysql> START SLAVE;                             //启动复制
  2. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

注意：一旦启用SLAVE复制，当需要修改MASTER信息时，应先执行STOP SLAVE停止复制，然后重新修改、启动复制。

通过上述连接操作，MASTER服务器的设置信息自动存为master.info文件，以后每次MySQL服务程序时会自动调用并更新，无需重复设置。查看master.info文件的开头部分内容，可验证相关设置：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/master.info
  2. -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 132 4月 23 12:06 /var/lib/mysql/master.info
  3. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# head /var/lib/mysql/master.info
  4. 25
  5. dbsvr1-bin.000001
  6. 154
  7. 192.168.4.10
  8. replicater
  9. pwd123
  10. 3306
  11. 60
  12. 0

2）检查Slave服务器的同步状态

通过SHOW SLAVE STATUS语句可查看从服务器状态，确认其中的IO线程、SQL线程正常运行，才能成功同步：

  1. mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUSG
  2. Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
  3. Master_Host: 192.168.4.1
  4. Master_User: replicater
  5. Master_Port: 3306
  6. Connect_Retry: 60
  7. Master_Log_File: dbsvr1-bin.000001
  8. Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
  9. Relay_Log_File: db2-relay-bin.000003
  10. Relay_Log_Pos: 321
  11. Relay_Master_Log_File: dbsvr1-bin.000001
  12. Slave_IO_Running: Yes //IO线程应该已运行
  13. Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //SQL线程应该已运行
  14. Replicate_Do_DB:
  15. Replicate_Ignore_DB:
  16. Replicate_Do_Table:
  17. Replicate_Ignore_Table:
  18. Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  19. Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
  20. Last_Errno: 0
  21. Last_Error:
  22. Skip_Counter: 0
  23. Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
  24. Relay_Log_Space: 2490
  25. Until_Condition: None
  26. Until_Log_File:
  27. Until_Log_Pos: 0
  28. Master_SSL_Allowed: No
  29. Master_SSL_CA_File:
  30. Master_SSL_CA_Path:
  31. Master_SSL_Cert:
  32. Master_SSL_Cipher:
  33. Master_SSL_Key:
  34. Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
  35. Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
  36. Last_IO_Errno: 0
  37. Last_IO_Error:
  38. Last_SQL_Errno: 0
  39. Last_SQL_Error:
  40. Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
  41. Master_Server_Id: 10
  42. Master_UUID: 2d4d8a11-27b7-11e7-ae78-52540055c180
  43. Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info
  44. SQL_Delay: 0
  45. SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
  46. Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
  47. Master_Retry_Count: 86400
  48. Master_Bind:
  49. Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
  50. Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
  51. Master_SSL_Crl:
  52. Master_SSL_Crlpath:
  53. Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
  54. Executed_Gtid_Set:
  55. Auto_Position: 0
  56. Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
  57. Channel_Name:
  58. Master_TLS_Version:
  59. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

若START SLAVE直接报错失败，请检查CHANGE MASTER相关设置是否有误，纠正后再重试；若IO线程或SQL线程有一个为“No”，则应检查服务器的错误日志，分析并排除故障后重启主从复制。

步骤四：测试主从同步效果

1）在Master上操作数据库、表、表记录

新建newdb库、newtable表，随意插入几条表记录：

  1. mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb;                         //新建库newdb
  2. Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec)
  4. mysql> USE newdb;                                     //切换到newdb库
  5. Database changed
  7. mysql> CREATE TABLE newtable(id int(4));             //新建newtable表
  8. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)
  10. mysql> INSERT INTO newtable VALUES(1234),(5678);     //插入2条表记录
  11. Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.24 sec)
  12. Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  13. mysql> SELECT * FROM newtable;                         //确认表数据
  14. +------+
  15. | id |
  16. +------+
  17. | 1234 |
  18. | 5678 |
  19. +------+
  20. 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2）在Slave上确认自动同步的结果

直接切换到newdb库，并查询newtable表的记录，应该与Master上的一样，这才说明主从同步已经成功生效：

  1. mysql> USE newdb;                                     //直接切换到newdb库
  2. Reading table information for completion of table and column names
  3. You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
  5. Database changed
  7. mysql> SELECT * FROM newtable;                     //输出表记录
  8. +------+
  9. | id |
  10. +------+
  11. | 1234 |
  12. | 5678 |
  13. +------+
  14. 2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

3）在Master服务器上可查看Slave主机的信息

  1. mysql> SHOW SLAVE HOSTS;
  2. +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
  3. | Server_id | Host | Port | Master_id | Slave_UUID |
  4. +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
  5. | 2 | | 3306 | 10 | 512cf7c1-27c4-11e7-8f4b-5254007b030b |
  6. +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
  7. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

步骤五：将Slave服务器设为只读

一般来说，为了避免写入冲突，采用主、从复制结构时，不应该允许用户从Slave执行数据库写入操作，这样会导致双方数据的不一致性。

正因为如此，我们可以把Slave数据库限制为只读模式，这种情况下有SUPER权限的用户和SLAVE同步线程才能写入。相关验证操作及效果可参考以下过程。

1）新建一个测试用户rwuser（不能用root测试）

在Master上建立即可，会自动同步到Slave上：

  1. mysql> GRANT all ON newdb.* TO rwuser@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '1234567';
  2. Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.09 sec)

2）未启用只读前，验证从Slave写入

在Slave上以rwuser登入（不要用root哦）：

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# mysql -u rwuser -p
  2. Enter password:
  3. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
  4. Your MySQL connection id is 30
  5. Server version: 5.7.17-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
  7. Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  9. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
  10. affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
  11. owners.
  13. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
  15. mysql>

然后向newdb库中新建一个booker表：

  1. mysql> USE newdb;                                 //切换到newdb库
  2. Reading table information for completion of table and column names
  3. You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
  5. Database changed
  7. mysql> CREATE TABLE booker(id int(12));         //成功创建booker表
  8. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.64 sec)

在Slave上可看到新建的booker表：

  1. mysql> SHOW TABLES;
  2. +-----------------+
  3. | Tables_in_newdb |
  4. +-----------------+
  5. | booker |
  6. | newtable |
  7. +-----------------+
  8. 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

但是在Master上却看不到，导致主、从上的newdb出现不一致：

  1. mysql> USE newdb;
  2. Reading table information for completion of table and column names
  3. You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
  5. Database changed
  7. mysql> SHOW TABLES;                     //看不到Slave上新建的表
  8. +-----------------+
  9. | Tables_in_newdb |
  10. +-----------------+
  11. | newtable |
  12. +-----------------+
  13. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

完成上述验证后，在Slave上删除booker表，确保双方一致：

  1. mysql> DROP TABLE booker;
  2. Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)

3）修改/etc/my.cnf文件，重载配置

  1. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
  2. [mysqld]
  3. .. ..
  4. read_only=1                                     //启动只读模式
  6. [root@dbsvr2 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service         //重启服务

4）再次在Slave上验证数据库写入操作

仍然是以rwuser登入（不要用root哦）来验证，当尝试创建新表时会被拒绝：

  1. mysql> USE newdb;                                     //切换到newdb库
  2. Reading table information for completion of table and column names
  3. You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
  5. Database changed
  6. mysql> CREATE TABLE booker(id int(12));     //新建表的写入操作失败
  7. ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement
  8. mysql> DROP TABLE mytable;                     //删除表的写入操作一样会失败
  9. ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement
【推广】 免费学中医，健康全家人
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoren112/p/8318708.html