oracle11g安装

如下为本人亲验过程：

oracle11g（11.2.0.1.0）安装文档

1、准备Centos 7的系统环境
系统版本：CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708
内核版本：3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
系统配置：1c,2G
交换空间:
可用内存需要交换空间
介于1 GB和2 GB之间 RAM大小的1.5倍
介于2 GB和16 GB之间等于RAM的大小
超过16 GB 16 GB

手动增加交换分区容量
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1M count=2048
mkswap /swap
swapon /swap
echo "/swap swap swap defaults 0 0">>/etc/fstab

配置主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname x101
echo "127.0.0.1 x101" >>/etc/hosts

2、下载oracle软件包
下载网址：www.oracle.com，选择support------Software Downloads------Oracle Database 11g Release 2(11.2.0.1.0)Linux x86-64.

3、安装依赖包
yum -y install binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel libXi libXtst make sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel
我使用的是阿里云yum源，如果您用的是其它环境的，没有哪个依赖包，就手动装下即可。

4、创建所需的操作系统组和用户

如果要安装Oracle数据库，则需要以下本地操作系统组和用户：
Oracle inventory组(通常为 oinstall)
OSDBA组 (通常为 dba)
OSOPER组 (通常为 oper)
Oracle软件所有者(通常为 oracle)

groupadd oinstall
groupadd dba
groupadd oper
useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
修改oracle用户密码
echo "oracle"|passwd --stdin oracle

5、配置内核参数和资源限制
1.在/etc/sysctl.conf添加如下参数，如果系统中某个参数高于下面的参数的值，保留较大的值,下面的数值只是官方要求的最小值，可以根据系统调整数值，以优化系统性能
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 536870912
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
2.使内核参数生效
sysctl -p

3.在/etc/security/limits.conf中添加如下参数
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536

4.在/etc/pam.d/login文件中，添加下面内容
session required /lib64/security/pam_limits.so
session required pam_limits.so

5./etc/profile 文件中添加如下内容
if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
fi

6.使用/etc/profile文件生效
source /etc/profile

7.禁用使用Transparent HugePages(启用Transparent HugePages,可能会导致造成内存在运行时的延迟分配，Oracle官方建议使用标准的HugePages)

查看是否启用如果显示 [always]说明启用了
cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

禁用Transparent HugePages,在/etc/grub.conf添加如下内容
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
重新启动系统以使更改成为永久更改

6. 创建oracle安装目录

如下目录，根据自己的实际情况可做修改
mkdir -p /data/app/
chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/app/
chmod -R 775 /data/app/

7. 配置oracle用户环境变量
在文件/home/oracle/.bash_profile里添加下面内容(具体值根据实际情况修改)
umask 022
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=x101
export ORACLE_BASE=/data/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/
export ORACLE_SID=ORCL
export PATH=.:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/OPatch:$ORACLE_HOME/jdk/bin:$PATH
export LC_ALL="en_US"
export LANG="en_US"
export NLS_LANG="AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK"
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS"

8. 重启下系统
reboot

9. 解压下载好的两个Oracle数据库文件
unzip -q linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data
unzip -q linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data
mkdir -p /data/etc
cp /data/database/response/* /data/etc/

在/data/etc/db_install.rsp修改以下变量的值
oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY
DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/data/app/oracle/inventory
SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracledb
ORACLE_HOME=/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
ORACLE_BASE=/data/app/oracle
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE
oracle.install.db.isCustomInstall=true
oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=dba

10、开始安装
su - oracle
cd /data/database
./runInstaller -silent -responseFile /data/etc/db_install.rsp -ignorePrereq

安装期间可以使用tail命令监看oracle的安装日志
#日志文件名称根据自己的实际执行时间变更
tail -f /data/app/oracle/inventory/logs/installActions2019-01-02_06-03-30PM.log

安装完成后有如下提示，如果有类似如下提示，说明安装完成
The following configuration scripts need to be executed as the "root" user.
#!/bin/sh
#Root scripts to run

/u01/app/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/root.sh
To execute the configuration scripts:
1. Open a terminal window
2. Log in as "root"
3. Run the scripts
4. Return to this window and hit "Enter" key to continue

Successfully Setup Software.

11、使用root用户执行脚本
su - root
sh /data/app/oracle/inventory/orainstRoot.sh
sh /data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/root.sh

12. 配置监听程序
su - oracle
netca /silent /responsefile /data/etc/netca.rsp

#输出结果
[oracle@oracledb ~]$ netca /silent /responsefile /data/etc/netca.rsp

Parsing command line arguments:
Parameter "silent" = true
Parameter "responsefile" = /data/etc/netca.rsp
Done parsing command line arguments.
Oracle Net Services Configuration:
Profile configuration complete.
Oracle Net Listener Startup:
Running Listener Control:
/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/bin/lsnrctl start LISTENER
Listener Control complete.
Listener started successfully.
Listener configuration complete.
Oracle Net Services configuration successful. The exit code is 0

查看监听端口
netstat -tnpl | grep 1521

13、静默创建数据库
1.编辑应答文件/data/etc/dbca.rsp
[GENERAL]
RESPONSEFILE_VERSION = "11.2.0"
OPERATION_TYPE = "createDatabase"
[CREATEDATABASE]
GDBNAME = "orcl"
SID = "orcl"
SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSTEMPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSMANPASSWORD = "oracle"
DBSNMPPASSWORD = "oracle"
DATAFILEDESTINATION =/data/app/oracle/oradata
RECOVERYAREADESTINATION=/data/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area
CHARACTERSET = "AL32UTF8"
TOTALMEMORY = "1638"

2.执行静默建库
su - oracle
dbca -silent -responseFile /data/etc/dbca.rsp
执行过程如下
[oracle@oracledb ~]$ dbca -silent -responseFile /data/etc/dbca.rsp
Copying database files
1% complete
3% complete
11% complete
18% complete
26% complete
37% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
40% complete
45% complete
50% complete
55% complete
56% complete
60% complete
62% complete
Completing Database Creation
66% complete
70% complete
73% complete
85% complete
96% complete
100% complete
Look at the log file "/data/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl/orcl.log" for further details.

3.查看进程
ps -ef | grep ora_ | grep -v grep

# 执行结果
[oracle@oracledb ~]$ ps -ef | grep ora_ | grep -v grep
oracle 19304 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_orcl
oracle 19306 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_vktm_orcl
oracle 19310 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen0_orcl
oracle 19312 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_diag_orcl
oracle 19314 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbrm_orcl
oracle 19316 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_orcl
oracle 19318 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_dia0_orcl
oracle 19320 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_orcl
oracle 19322 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_orcl
oracle 19324 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_lgwr_orcl
oracle 19326 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_ckpt_orcl
oracle 19328 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl
oracle 19330 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_orcl
oracle 19332 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmon_orcl
oracle 19334 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmnl_orcl
oracle 19336 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_orcl
oracle 19338 1 0 18:33 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_orcl
oracle 19361 1 0 18:34 ? 00:00:00 ora_qmnc_orcl
oracle 19376 1 0 18:34 ? 00:00:00 ora_cjq0_orcl
oracle 19396 1 0 18:34 ? 00:00:00 ora_q000_orcl
oracle 19398 1 0 18:34 ? 00:00:00 ora_q001_orcl

4.查看监听状态
$ lsnrctl status

#结果
[oracle@oracledb ~]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 02-JAN-2019 18:36:15

Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias LISTENER
Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date 02-JAN-2019 18:20:21
Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 15 min. 54 sec
Trace Level off
Security ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP OFF
Listener Parameter File /data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File /data/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/oracledb/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oracledb)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@oracledb ~]$

14、至此数据库就安装成功了，下面我们登录下数据库
su - oracle
sqlplus / as sysdba
select status from v$instance;
执行select时，全出现以下情况
SQL> select status from v$instance;
select status from v$instance
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0

解决方式：

输入startup,
#startup的输出提示：
SQL> statup
SP2-0042: unknown command "statup" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> startup
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/initORCL.ora'

根据提示，将 O R A C L E B A S E / a d m i n / 数据库名称 / p f i l e 目录下的 i n i t . o r a . x x x 形式的文件 c o p y 到 ORACLE_BASE/admin/数据库名称/pfile目录下的init.ora.xxx形式的文件copy到 ORACLE BASE/admin/数据库名称/pfile目录下的init.ora.xxx形式的文件copy到ORACLE_HOME/dbs目录下initOracle.ora（根据startup提示）即可
参考：cp /data/app/oracle/admin/orcl/pfile/init.ora.022019183329 initORCL.ora
例如：cp /data/app/oracle/admin/orcl/pfile/init.ora.xxxxx /data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/initORCL.ora

查看数据库编码
select userenv('language') from dual;
# 输出结果：
SQL> select userenv('language') from dual;
USERENV('LANGUAGE')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8
SQL>

查看数据库版本
select * from v$version;
#结果
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.1.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

激活scott用户
alter user scott account unlock;
alter user scott identified by tiger;
select username,account_status from dba_users;

15、设置Oracle开机启动

　　　　手动单独启动监听服务　　su - oracle
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　lsnrctl start

修改/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/bin/dbstart
ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$ORACLE_HOME
修改/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/bin/dbshut
ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$ORACLE_HOME
修改vi /etc/oratab
orcl:/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0:Y

新建文件/etc/rc.d/init.d/oracle
#! /bin/bash
# oracle: Start/Stop Oracle Database 11g R2
#
# chkconfig: 345 90 10
# description: The Oracle Database is an Object-Relational Database Management System.
#
# processname: oracle
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
LOCKFILE=/var/lock/subsys/oracle
ORACLE_HOME=/data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
ORACLE_USER=oracle
case "$1" in
'start')
if [ -f $LOCKFILE ]; then
echo $0 already running.
exit 1
fi
echo -n $"Starting Oracle Database:"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/emctl start dbconsole"

su - $ORACLE_USER -c "fuser -k /data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/lkORCL"

touch $LOCKFILE
;;
'stop')
if [ ! -f $LOCKFILE ]; then
echo $0 already stopping.
exit 1
fi
echo -n $"Stopping Oracle Database:"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut"
su - $ORACLE_USER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/emctl stop dbconsole"
rm -f $LOCKFILE
;;
'restart')
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
'status')
if [ -f $LOCKFILE ]; then
echo $0 started.
else
echo $0 stopped.
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 [start|stop|status]"
exit 1
esac
exit 0

给/etc/init.d/oracle添加执行权限
chmod +x /etc/init.d/oracle

开机启动oracle
systemctl enable oracle
或chkconfig oracle on

给启动文件加权限
cd /data/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/bin/
chmod 6751 oracle
cd /var/tmp
chown -R oracle:oinstall .oracle

16、防火墙配置放开Oracle的端口
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=1521/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload