centos7 安装oracle11g

创建数据库的系统用户和用户组

$ su root　　#切换到root
# groupadd oinstall　　#创建用户组oinstall
# groupadd dba　　#创建用户组dba
# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle　　#创建oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组
# passwd oracle　　#设置用户oracle的登陆密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登陆界面没法登陆
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 　　# 密码
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 　　# 确认密码
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

# id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)

理论上单例按照需要3种用户组，实际只建两个oinstall和dba，后面再安装oracle数据库的时候把OSOPER组也设置是dba组。

a.oracle 清单组（一般为oinstall):
 OINSTALL 组的成员被视为 Oracle 软件的“所有者”，拥有对 Oracle 中央清单 (oraInventory) 的写入权限。在一个 Linux 系统上首次安装 Oracle 软件时，
 OUI 会创建 /etc/oraInst.loc 文件。该文件指定 Oracle 清单组的名称（默认为 oinstall）以及 Oracle 中央清单目录的路径。
b.数据库管理员（OSDBA，一般为 dba）:
 OSDBA 组的成员可通过操作系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSDBA 身份连接到一个 Oracle 实例。该组的成员可执行关键的数据库管理任务，如创建数据库、启动和关
 闭实例。该组的默认名称为dba。SYSDBA 系统权限甚至在数据库未打开时也允许访问数据库实例。对此权限的控制完全超出了数据库本身的范围。不要混淆 SYSDBA 
 系统权限与数据库角色 DBA。DBA 角色不包括 SYSDBA 或 SYSOPER 系统权限。
c.数据库操作员组（OSOPER，一般为 oper）:
 OSOPER 组的成员可通过操作系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSOPER 身份连接到一个 Oracle 实例。这个可选组的成员拥有一组有限的数据库管理权限，如管理和运行备份。
 该组的默认名称为oper。

创建oracle数据库安装目录

[localhost ~]$ su root
Password: 
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/oracle　　#oracle数据库安装目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory　　#oracle数据库配置文件目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/database　　#oracle数据库软件包解压目录
[root@localhost ~]# cd /data
[root@localhost data]# ls　　#创建完毕检查一下（强迫症）
database  oracle  oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle　　#设置目录所有者为oinstall用户组的oracle用户
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database
[root@localhost data]#

修改OS系统标识

oracle默认不支持CentOS系统安装，Oracle Database 11g Release 2 的 OS要求参考： https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#LADBI1106

我安装是64位数据库，On Linux x86-64：Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 （RHEL 7）

另外，CentOS7.0.1511 基于 RHEL7.2 参考：http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-12/126283.htm

#修改文件 /etc/RedHat-release 

[sonny@localhost data]$ su root
Password: 
[root@localhost data]# cat /proc/version 
Linux version 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Mar 6 11:36:42 UTC 2015
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release　　
cat /etc/redhat-release
[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/redhat-release
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
redhat-7 
[root@localhost data]#

安装oracle数据库所需要的软件包

重复一遍，我安装时Oracle Database 11g Release 2 64位数据库。

Oracle Database Package Requirements for Linux x86-64 如下：（参考：https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#BABCFJFG）

#操作系统:Oracle Linux 7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
The following packages (or later versions) must be installed:

rpm -ivh kernel-headers-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh libmpc-1.0.1-3.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh cpp-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh binutils-2.23.52.0.1-30.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh compat-libcap1-1.10-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh gcc-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm  
rpm -ivh libstdc++-devel-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh gcc-c++-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh glibc-2.17-78.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh glibc-devel-2.17-78.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh libaio-0.3.109-12.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh libaio-devel-0.3.109-12.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libgcc-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libstdc++-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh libstdc++-devel-4.8.3-9.el7.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh libXi-1.7.2-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libXtst-1.2.2-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh make-3.82-21.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh sysstat-10.1.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libXxf86dga-1.1.4-2.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libdmx-1.1.3-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh elfutils-libelf-devel-0.160-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-72.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm 
rpm -ivh readline-6.2-9.el7.x86_64.rpm

关闭防火墙

CentOS 7默认使用的是firewall作为防火墙

[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service　　#查看防火墙状态，运行中
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-07 18:54:29 PDT; 2h 20min ago
 Main PID: 802 (firewalld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─802 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl stop firewalld.service　　#关闭防火墙
[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service　　#再次查看防火墙状态，发现已关闭
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Thu 2016-04-07 21:15:34 PDT; 9s ago
 Main PID: 802 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Apr 07 21:15:33 localhost systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 21:15:34 localhost systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl disable firewalld.service　　#禁止使用防火墙（重启也是禁止的）
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.Fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.
[root@localhost /]#

关闭selinux（需重启生效）

[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/selinux/config
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/selinux/config

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled   #此处修改为disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

修改内核参数

[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf 
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysct.conf
cat: /etc/sysct.conf: No such file or directory
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf 
# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf.
# To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576
[root@localhost /]# 
使配置参数生效

[root@localhost /]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
[root@localhost /]#

对oracle用户设置限制，提高软件运行性能（红色为添加部分）

[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf 
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
# /etc/security/limits.conf
#
#This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM.
#It does not affect resource limits of the system services.
#
#Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.d directory,
#which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this
#file in case the domain is the same or more specific.
#That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domain here
#can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config file in the
#subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overriden only
#with a user specific setting in the subdirectory.
#
#Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:
#
#<domain>        <type>  <item>  <value>
#
#Where:
#<domain> can be:
#        - a user name
#        - a group name, with @group syntax
#        - the wildcard *, for default entry
#        - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax,
#                 for maxlogin limit
#
#<type> can have the two values:
#        - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits
#        - "hard" for enforcing hard limits
#
#<item> can be one of the following:
#        - core - limits the core file size (KB)
#        - data - max data size (KB)
#        - fsize - maximum filesize (KB)
#        - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB)
#        - nofile - max number of open file descriptors
#        - rss - max resident set size (KB)
#        - stack - max stack size (KB)
#        - cpu - max CPU time (MIN)
#        - nproc - max number of processes
#        - as - address space limit (KB)
#        - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user
#        - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system
#        - priority - the priority to run user process with
#        - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold
#        - sigpending - max number of pending signals
#        - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)
#        - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]
#        - rtprio - max realtime priority
#
#<domain>      <type>  <item>         <value>
#

#*               soft    core            0
#*               hard    rss             10000
#@student        hard    nproc           20
#@faculty        soft    nproc           20
#@faculty        hard    nproc           50
#ftp             hard    nproc           0
#@student        -       maxlogins       4
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536

# End of file
[root@localhost /]#

配置用户的环境变量（红色部分为添加代码）

[root@localhost /]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile 
[root@localhost /]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile 
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH

export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle启动数据库实例名
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm窗口模式安装
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #添加系统环境变量
export LANG=C #防止安装过程出现乱码
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK  #设置Oracle客户端字符集，必须与Oracle安装时设置的字符集保持一致，如：ZHS16GBK，否则出现数据导入导出中文乱码问题
[root@localhost /]#  
使上述配置立即生效：

[oracle@localhost /]$ su root
Password: 
[root@localhost /]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile 
[root@localhost /]#

解压安装包

[oracle@localhost /]$ cd /usr/local/src　　#进入/usr/local/src目录
[oracle@localhost src]$ ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解压
(省略...)
[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解压
(省略...)
[oracle@localhost src]$ su root
Password: 
[root@localhost src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/
[root@localhost src]#

安装oracle

[oracle@localhost ~]$ export DISPLAY=10.0.205.189:0.0
[oracle@localhost ~]$ xhost + 10.0.205.189
10.0.205.189 being added to access control list
[oracle@localhost database]$ ./runInstaller 
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 10685 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 1639 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors.    Actual 16777216    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2018-12-17_12-11-54PM. Please wait ...


This is a prerequisite condition to test whether sufficient total swap space is available on the system. (more details)

swap空间不足解决：（要求2.8G 实际2G）

[root@localhost oracle]# free -m　　#查看当前虚拟内存
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1824        1369          93          10         361         250
Swap:          2048          20        2028
[root@localhost oracle]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap bs=1024 count=1024000　　#将当前swap空间由2048M 增加到 3048M 新增一个2014的swap文件
1024000+0 records in
1024000+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 29.4051 s, 35.7 MB/s
[root@localhost oracle]# mkswap /home/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=5e3d39d7-285e-4c74-b321-1e2b3ffabf83
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1824        1275          95          10         454         342
Swap:          2048         141        1907
[root@localhost oracle]# swapon /home/swap　　#增加并启用虚拟内容
swapon: /home/swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m　　#再次查看
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1824        1275          94          10         454         342
Swap:          3048         141        2907

解决错误

Error in invoking target 'agent nmhs' of makefile

解决方案
在makefile中添加链接libnnz11库的参数
修改$ORACLE_HOME/sysman/lib/ins_emagent.mk，将
$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL)修改为：$(MK_EMAGENT_NMECTL) -lnnz11
建议修改前备份原始文件

[oracle@ ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/sysman/lib
[oracle@lib]$ cp ins_emagent.mk ins_emagent.mk.bak
[oracle@lib]$ vi ins_emagent.mk

进入vi编辑器后命令模式输入/NMECTL 进行查找，快速定位要修改的行
在后面追加参数-lnnz11 第一个是字母l 后面两个是数字1

保存退出后Retry

安装rlwrap

[root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]#  ./configure 
  [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]#  make
  [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]#  make install
  [root@localhost rlwrap-0.37]#  
  
  [oracle@localhost ~]$ vim .bash_profile
  #添加
  alias sqlplus='rlwrap sqlplus'
  [oracle@localhost ~]$ source .bash_profile

创建表空间与用户

crt_datatbs.sh 
#!/bin/sh

sqlplus sys/sys@ORCL as sysdba <<+

create tablespace DATATBS1
datafile 
'/data/database/data0tbs01_1_6g' size 6142m reuse,
'/data/database/data0tbs01_2_6g' size 6142m reuse
extent management local uniform size 1m
segment space management auto;
+

crt_indextbs.sh 

#!/bin/sh

sqlplus sys/sys@ORCL as sysdba <<+

create tablespace INDEXTBS1
datafile 
'/data/database/index0tbs01_1_2g' size 2048m reuse
extent management local uniform size 1m
segment space management auto;
+


create user test profile default 
identified by test default tablespace DATATBS1
account unlock;
grant connect to test;
grant resource to test;
grant select_catalog_role to test;
grant create any view to test;
grant unlimited tablespace to test;
grant create synonym to test;
grant dba to test;