数据库的操作

唯一索引:         

作用:num列的值不能重复          加速查找

create table t5(
                    id int,
                    num int,
                    unique(num)
                )engine=Innodb charset=utf8;

联合唯一索引:

作用:number 列 和 id列的值不能 重复            加create table t6(

                        id int,
                        num int,
                        unique(id, num)
                    )engine=Innodb charset=utf8;


create table t6(
                        id int,
                        num int,
                        unique(id, num......)
                    )engine=Innodb charset=utf8;

 外键:      

  1.一对多:直接 加外键

  2.一对一:在外键的基础上加唯一约束

  3.多对多:多个外键 ,然后联合唯一索引

数据库的操作:

                增:
                    insert into 表名 (列名1, 列名2,) values(值1, 值2);
                    insert into 表名 (列名1, 列名2,) values(值1, 值2),(值1,值2),(值n,值n);
                    
                    insert into 表名 (列名1, 列名2,) select 列名1, 列名2 from 表名;
                    
                删除:
                    delete from 表名; 
                    
                    delete from 表名 where id > 10
                    delete from 表名 where id < 10
                    delete from 表名 where id <= 10
                    delete from 表名 where id >= 10
                    delete from 表名 where id != 10 
                    delete from 表名 where id = 10 and name='xxx';  and : 并且 两个条件都必须要成立
                    delete from 表名 where id = 10 or name='xxx';   or :  或者 只要满足一个条件成立
                修改:
                    update 表名  set name='zekai', age=23 where id > 10;
                    
                查询:
                    
                    基本:
                        select * from 表名;
                        select name , age from 表名;
                    
                    高级:
                        
                        a. where 条件查询:
                            select * from 表名 where  id=10;
                            select * from 表名 where  id >10 and id<15;
                            select * from 表名 where  id > 10;
                            != : 不等与
                            >= <= 
                            
                            
                            between and: 闭区间 
                                select * from t4 where id between 9 and 12;
                            
                            in: 在某一个集合中
                                select * from t4 where id in (9,10,11....);
                                
                                
                                select * from t4 where id in (select id from t3 where id between 2 and 4)
                                
                                是可以这样使用的, 但是不建议大家使用;
                        
                        b. 通配符:
                            alex
                            
                            select * fromwhere name like 'ale%'  - ale开头的所有(多个字符串)
                            select * fromwhere name like 'ale_'  - ale开头的所有(一个字符)

                        c.     限制取几条:
                                
                                select * from 表名 limit 索引偏移量, 取出多少条数据;
                                
                                
                                select * from t3 limit 0, 10;  第一页
                                select * from t3 limit 10, 10;  第二页
                                
                                page = input('page:')
                                
                                    page    索引偏移量      数据量(offset)
                                      1         0              10
                                      2         10             10
                                      3         20             10
                                      4         30             10
                                      
                                      page   (page-1)*offset   offset
                                
                                分页核心SQL:
                                
                                    select * from t3 limit (page-1)*offset, offset;
                        
                        d.  排序:
                                
                                order by
                                
                                降序:
                                    select * from t4 order by 列名 desc; descending
                                
                                升序:
                                    select * from t4 order by 列名 asc; ascending
                        
                                
                                多列:
                                    
                                    create table t7(
                                    
                                        id int auto_increment primary key,
                                        num int not null default 0,
                                        age int not null default 0
                                    )charset=utf8;
                                    
                                    insert into t7 (num, age) values (2, 12),(3,13),(4, 12);
                                
                                    select * from t4 order by num desc, name asc;
                                    
                                    如果前一列的值相等的话, 会按照后一列的值进行进一步的排序.
                        
                        e.  分组
                                
                                select age, 聚合函数(count(num)/sum(num)/max(num)/min(num)/avg(num)) from 表名 group by 列名;
                                
                                
                                select age, avg(num) from t7 group by age;
                                 
                                select age, count(num) from t7 group by age;
                                
                                select age, count(num) as cnt from t7 group by age;  显示别名 as
                            
                                having的二次删选:
                                    select age, count(num) as cnt from t7 group by age  having cnt>1;
                                    
                                where 和 having的区别:
                                    1). having与where类似,可筛选数据
                                    2). where针对表中的列发挥作用,查询数据
                                    3). having针对查询结果中的列发挥作用,二次筛选数据, 和group by配合使用
                        
                        f.  连表操作
                                select * from userinfo, department; (笛卡尔积)
                                
                                select * from userinfo, department where userinfo.depart_id=department.id;
                            
                                左连接:
                                
                                    select * from userinfo left join department on userinfo.depart_id=department.id;
                                    左边的表全部显示, 右边没有用到不显示
                                
                                右连接:
                                    
                                    select * from userinfo right join department on userinfo.depart_id=department.id;
                                    右边的表全部显示, 左边没关联的用null表示
                                
                                内连接:
                                    左右两边的数据都会显示
                                
                                ps: 
                                    a.只需要记住左连接 left join
                                    
                                    b.可以连接多张表 通过某一个特定的条件
                                    
                    注意查询的顺序:
                        select name,sum(score) fromwhere id > 10 group by score having age> 12  order by age desc limit 2, 10 

  

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wyf20190411-/p/11019002.html