在软件工程中，单例模式是一种软件设计模式，它将一个类的实例化限制为一个对象。 当需要恰好一个对象来协调系统中的操作时，这非常有用。
使用Singleton模式
必须只有一个类的实例，并且必须可以从知名接入点访问客户端
当唯一的实例应该通过子类来扩展时，客户端应该能够使用扩展实例而不修改它们的代码
单例有好几种写法：
1：
/**
* Private constructor so nobody can instantiate the class.
*/
private IvoryTower() {}
/**
* Static to class instance of the class.
*/
private static final IvoryTower INSTANCE = new IvoryTower();
/**
* To be called by user to obtain instance of the class.
*
* @return instance of the singleton.
*/
public static IvoryTower getInstance() {
return INSTANCE;
}
2：
/**
* Private constructor.
*/
private InitializingOnDemandHolderIdiom() {}
/**
* @return Singleton instance
*/
public static InitializingOnDemandHolderIdiom getInstance() {
return HelperHolder.INSTANCE;
}
/**
* Provides the lazy-loaded Singleton instance.
*/
private static class HelperHolder {
private static final InitializingOnDemandHolderIdiom INSTANCE =
new InitializingOnDemandHolderIdiom();
}
3：
private static ThreadSafeLazyLoadedIvoryTower instance;
private ThreadSafeLazyLoadedIvoryTower() {
// to prevent instantiating by Reflection call
if (instance != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Already initialized.");
}
}
/**
* The instance gets created only when it is called for first time. Lazy-loading
*/
public static synchronized ThreadSafeLazyLoadedIvoryTower getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new ThreadSafeLazyLoadedIvoryTower();
}
return instance;
}
4：
private static volatile ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking instance;
/**
* private constructor to prevent client from instantiating.
*/
private ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking() {
// to prevent instantiating by Reflection call
if (instance != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Already initialized.");
}
}
/**
* Public accessor.
*
* @return an instance of the class.
*/
public static ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking getInstance() {
// local variable increases performance by 25 percent
// Joshua Bloch "Effective Java, Second Edition", p. 283-284
ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking result = instance;
// Check if singleton instance is initialized. If it is initialized then we can return the instance.
if (result == null) {
// It is not initialized but we cannot be sure because some other thread might have initialized it
// in the meanwhile. So to make sure we need to lock on an object to get mutual exclusion.
synchronized (ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking.class) {
// Again assign the instance to local variable to check if it was initialized by some other thread
// while current thread was blocked to enter the locked zone. If it was initialized then we can
// return the previously created instance just like the previous null check.
result = instance;
if (result == null) {
// The instance is still not initialized so we can safely (no other thread can enter this zone)
// create an instance and make it our singleton instance.
instance = result = new ThreadSafeDoubleCheckLocking();
}
}
}
return result;
}