常用模块学习（一）

常用模块学习—小鸡汤

常用模块学习—模块的种类和导入方法

'''
1、什么是模块？
在计算机程序的开发过程中，随着程序代码越写越多，在一个文件里代码就会越来越长，越来越不容易维护。
为了编写可维护的代码，我们把很多函数分组，分别放到不同的文件里，这样，每个文件包含的代码就相对较少，很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。
在Python中，一个.py文件就称之为一个模块（Module）。

2、使用模块的好处：
最大的好处是大大提高了代码的可维护性。
编写代码不必从零开始，当一个模块编写完毕，就可以被其他地方引用。
使用模块还可以避免函数名和变量名冲突。

3、模块的分类：
内置标准模块（又称标准库）执行help('modules')查看所有python自带模块列表
第三方开源模块，可通过pip install 模块名 联网安装
自定义模块

4、模块的调用（模块一旦被调用，即相当于执行了另外一个py文件里的代码）：
import module               导入模块
from module import xx,xx              从 module 模块中再导入 xx
from module.xx.xx import xx as rename          as  起别名
from module.xx.xx import *           * 代表所有，不建议使用，变量名容易冲突
'''
import os
import sys
from os import rmdir
from os import rmdir,rename      #使用逗号分隔，导入多个
print(help('modules'))           #查看所有python自带模块列表

help('modules')
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
__future__          _warnings           http                secrets
_abc                _weakref            idlelib             select
_ast                _weakrefset         imaplib             selectors
_asyncio            _winapi             imghdr              setup
_bisect             abc                 imp                 setup_cython
_blake2             aifc                importlib           setuptools
_bootlocale         antigravity         inspect             shelve
_bz2                argparse            interpreterInfo     shlex
_codecs             array               io                  shutil
_codecs_cn          ast                 ipaddress           signal
_codecs_hk          asynchat            itertools           site
_codecs_iso2022     asyncio             json                sitecustomize
_codecs_jp          asyncore            keyword             smtpd
_codecs_kr          atexit              lib2to3             smtplib
_codecs_tw          audioop             linecache           sndhdr
_collections        backend_interagg    locale              socket
_collections_abc    base64              logging             socketserver
_compat_pickle      bdb                 lzma                sqlite3
_compression        binascii            macpath             sre_compile
_contextvars        binhex              mailbox             sre_constants
_csv                bisect              mailcap             sre_parse
_ctypes             builtins            marshal             ssl
_ctypes_test        bz2                 math                stat
_datetime           cProfile            mimetypes           statistics
_decimal            calendar            mmap                string
_distutils_findvs   cgi                 modulefinder        stringprep
_dummy_thread       cgitb               msilib              struct
_elementtree        chardet             msvcrt              subprocess
_functools          chunk               multiprocessing     sunau
_hashlib            cmath               netrc               symbol
_heapq              cmd                 nntplib             symtable
_imp                code                nt                  sys
_io                 codecs              ntpath              sysconfig
_json               codeop              nturl2path          tabnanny
_locale             collections         numbers             tarfile
_lsprof             colorsys            opcode              telnetlib
_lzma               compileall          operator            tempfile
_markupbase         concurrent          optparse            test
_md5                configparser        os                  test_pydevd_reload
_msi                contextlib          parser              tests_pydevd
_multibytecodec     contextvars         pathlib             tests_pydevd_mainloop
_multiprocessing    copy                pdb                 tests_pydevd_python
_opcode             copyreg             pickle              textwrap
_operator           crypt               pickletools         this
_osx_support        csv                 pip                 threading
_overlapped         ctypes              pipes               time
_pickle             curses              pkg_resources       timeit
_py_abc             dataclasses         pkgutil             tkinter
_pydecimal          datetime            platform            token
_pydev_bundle       dbm                 plistlib            tokenize
_pydev_imps         decimal             poplib              trace
_pydev_runfiles     difflib             posixpath           traceback
_pydevd_bundle      dis                 pprint              tracemalloc
_pydevd_frame_eval  distutils           profile             tty
_pyio               doctest             pstats              turtle
_queue              dummy_threading     pty                 turtledemo
_random             easy_install        py_compile          types
_sha1               email               pyclbr              typing
_sha256             encodings           pycompletionserver  unicodedata
_sha3               ensurepip           pydev_app_engine_debug_startup unittest
_sha512             enum                pydev_coverage      urllib
_signal             errno               pydev_ipython       uu
_sitebuiltins       faulthandler        pydev_pysrc         uuid
_socket             filecmp             pydev_run_in_console venv
_sqlite3            fileinput           pydevconsole        warnings
_sre                fnmatch             pydevd              wave
_ssl                formatter           pydevd_concurrency_analyser weakref
_stat               fractions           pydevd_file_utils   webbrowser
_string             ftplib              pydevd_plugins      winreg
_strptime           functools           pydoc               winsound
_struct             gc                  pydoc_data          wsgiref
_symtable           genericpath         pyexpat             xdrlib
_testbuffer         getopt              queue               xml
_testcapi           getpass             quopri              xmlrpc
_testconsole        gettext             random              xxsubtype
_testimportmultiple glob                re                  zipapp
_testmultiphase     gzip                reprlib             zipfile
_thread             hashlib             rlcompleter         zipimport
_threading_local    heapq               runfiles            zlib
_tkinter            hmac                runpy               
_tracemalloc        html                sched               
Enter any module name to get more help.  Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam".

常用模块学习—模块的导入路径

#模块一旦被调用，即相当于执行了另外一个py文件里的代码
#自定义模块
#这个最简单， 创建一个.py文件，就可以称之为模块，就可以在另外一个程序里导入
import sys
print(sys.path)
'''
输出：
[
'E:\Python\work\myFirstPro\第4章', 
'E:\Python', 
'C:\Python37\python37.zip', 
'C:\Python37\DLLs', 
'C:\Python37\lib', 
'C:\Python37', 
'C:\Python37\lib\site-packages', 
'C:\JetBrains\PyCharm 
2018.2.1\helpers\pycharm_matplotlib_backend'
]

sys.path.append('E:\Python\work\myFirstPro\第4章')
print(sys.path)
#import my_modules
#del my_modules

小结：
python解释器会按照列表顺序去依次到每个目录下去匹配你要导入的模块名，
只要在一个目录下匹配到了该模块名，就立刻导入，不再继续往后找。
注意：列表第一个元素为空，即代表当前目录，所以你自己定义的模块在当前目录会被优先导入。
'''

常用模块学习—开源模块的安装方式
- 开源模块

https://pypi.python.org/pypi 是python的开源模块库，截止2017年9.30日，已经收录了118170个来自全世界python开发者贡献的模块,几乎涵盖了你想用python做的任何事情。事实上每个python开发者，只要注册一个账号就可以往这个平台上传你自己的模块，这样全世界的开发者都可以容易的下载并使用你的模块。

直接在上面这个页面上点download,下载后，解压并进入目录，执行以下命令完成安装

      编译源码    python setup.py build
      安装源码    python setup.py install

直接通过pip安装

     pip3 install paramiko #paramiko 是模块名   安装
     pip3 uninstal paramiko      卸载
     import paramiko           使用

pip命令会自动下载模块包并完成安装。

软件一般会被自动安装你python安装目录的这个子目录里

       /your_python_install_path/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages

常用模块学习—使用国内源文件下载

pip命令默认会连接在国外的python官方服务器下载，速度比较慢，你还可以使用国内的豆瓣源，数据会定期同步国外官网，速度快好多。

sudo pip install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com   #alex_sayhi是模块名

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.285]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

E:Python>pip3 install PyTyrion
Collecting PyTyrion
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfc  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1b  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a
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2a
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8b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar
e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167
ec
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-1
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67
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ri
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3b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.t
ar.gz
Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
  Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availabl
eou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrad
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is avai
l.
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is a
va
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is a
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 
  Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is
 available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip inst
all --upgrade pip' command.

E:Python>pip3 uninstall PyTyrion
Uninstalling PyTyrion-1.0.1:
  Would remove:
    c:python37libsite-packagespytyrion-1.0.1-py3.7.eg
g-info
    c:python37libsite-packages	yrion*
Proceed (y/n)? y
  Successfully uninstalled PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is
 available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip inst
all --upgrade pip' command.

E:Python>pip3 install PyTyrion
Collecting PyTyrion
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf
9d14af3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
  Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
(venv) E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
You must give at least one requirement to install (see "pip help install")
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

(venv) E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
Collecting alex_sayhi
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/84/14/b59d93276c86f6ab556cfa7c2d860b742c1611b601cc
4c7743d129b4b52a/alex_sayhi-1.0.0.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: alex-sayhi
  Running setup.py install for alex-sayhi ... done
Successfully installed alex-sayhi-1.0.0
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

E:Python>

E:Python>pip3 install paramiko
Collecting paramiko
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b9
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Collecting six (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko)
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Collecting asn1crypto>=0.21.0 (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ea/cd/35485615f45f30a510576f1a56d1e0a7ad
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Collecting idna>=2.1 (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
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Collecting pycparser (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8c/2d/aad7f16146f4197a11f8e91fb81df177ad
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Installing collected packages: pyasn1, pycparser, cffi, six, pynacl, bcrypt, asn1crypto, idna,
 cryptography, paramiko
  Running setup.py install for pycparser ... done
Successfully installed asn1crypto-0.24.0 bcrypt-3.1.4 cffi-1.11.5 cryptography-2.3.1 idna-2.7
paramiko-2.4.1 pyasn1-0.4.4 pycparser-2.18 pynacl-1.2.1 six-1.11.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

使用国内豆瓣源下载速度对比：
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.285]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ paramiko
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
Collecting paramiko
  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host and is being
 ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host and i
s
being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you use HTT
PS
 instead, otherwise you may silence this warning and allow it anyway with '--trus
  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host an
d i
s being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we recommend you us
e H
TTPS instead, otherwise you may silence this warning and allow it anyway with
  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or sec
ure
 host and is being ignored. If this repository is available via HTT
PS
we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silence this
war
  The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or s
ec
ure host and is being ignored. If this repository is available vi
a
HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silen
ce
 this warning and allow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.douba
n.
com'.
HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may si
len
ce this warning and allow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.
dou
ban.com'.
HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may
may silence this warning and allow it anyway with '--tr
ust pypi.douban.com'.
sted-host pypi.douban.com'.
  Could not find a version that satisfies the requireme
 may silence this warning and allow it anyway with
 '--t
rusted-host pypi.douban.com'.
HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherw
is
e you may silence this warning and allow it anyw
ay
 with '--trusted-host pypi.douban.com'.
HTTPS we recommend you use HTTPS instead,
ot
herwise you may silence this warning and a
ll
ow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.dou
ba
n.com'.
  Could not find a version that satisfies
herwise you may silence this warning and
a requirement paramiko (from versions: )
llow it anyway with '--trusted-host pypi.
d
ouban.com'.
  Could not find a version that satisfies
the requirement paramiko (from versions:
)ou should consider upgrading via the 'pyt

No matching distribution found for parami
 the requirement paramiko (from versions
:
 )
No matching distribution found for param
  Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement paramiko (from versions:
 )
No matching distribution found for paramiko
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgra
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availab
lou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upg
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is avail
ab
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comma
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availa
b
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18
.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however vers
i 18.0 is available.
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however ve
ron 18.0 is available.
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however
version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

E:Python>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ paramiko --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
Collecting paramiko
  Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b94b44df31cc52e5fc5c2c4fd2c1/paramiko-
2.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (194kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 194kB 655kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: pynacl>=1.0.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (1.2.1)
Requirement already satisfied: pyasn1>=0.1.7 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (0.4.4)
Requirement already satisfied: cryptography>=1.5 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (2.3.1)
Requirement already satisfied: bcrypt>=3.1.3 in c:python37libsite-packages (from paramiko) (3.1.4)
Requirement already satisfied: cffi>=1.4.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (1.11.5)
Requirement already satisfied: six in c:python37libsite-packages (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (1.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (2.7)
Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->pa
ramiko) (2.7)
Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:python37libsite
-p
ackages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (2.7)
Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:python37
l
ibsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (0.24.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:python37libsite
Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:
plibsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) (0.24.0)
ython37libsite-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->param
ipackages (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) (2.18)
ko) (0.24.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:python37
lou are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is availa
ibsite-packages (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->param
iou should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --u
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser
in c:python37libsite-packages (from
 cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramik
o) (2.18)
Installing collected packages: paramiko
Successfully installed paramiko-2.4.1
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 18.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

常用模块学习（一）

常用模块学习（一）

常用模块学习—小鸡汤

推荐节目—晓说：

《晓说》是2012年3月高晓松开始主持的网络脱口秀节目

每期由主持人高晓松谈论一个热门话题，打造视频化的“高晓松专栏文章”

常用模块学习—模块的种类和导入方法

常用模块学习—模块的导入路径

常用模块学习—开源模块的安装方式

开源模块

常用模块学习—使用国内源文件下载

pip命令默认会连接在国外的python官方服务器下载，速度比较慢，你还可以使用国内的豆瓣源，数据会定期同步国外官网，速度快好多。