函数—函数进阶（一）

                                            函数—函数进阶（一）

  • 函数—函数进阶—鸡汤

                1、电影推荐—《荒野求生》

                2、书籍推荐—《百年孤独》

  • 函数—函数进阶—命名空间

      名称空间又名name space, 顾名思义就是存放名字的地方，例如，若变量x=1，1存放于内存中，那名字x存放在哪里呢？名称空间正是存放名字x与1绑定关系的地方

名称空间共3种，分别如下：

  1. locals: 是函数内的名称空间，包括局部变量和形参

  2. globals: 全局变量，函数定义所在模块的名字空间

  3. builtins: 内置模块的名字空间

1 #命名空间 又名name space   存放变量名与变量值绑定关系的地方。
2 x = 1
3 print(globals() )       #结果为：{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x00000245FDA96128>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__file__': 'E:/Python/work/myFirstPro/第3章/29—函数—函数进阶—命名空间.py', '__cached__': None, 'x': 1}
4 print(locals())         #结果为：{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x00000245FDA96128>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__file__': 'E:/Python/work/myFirstPro/第3章/29—函数—函数进阶—命名空间.py', '__cached__': None, 'x': 1}
5 print(__builtins__)     #结果为：<module 'builtins' (built-in)>
6 print(dir(__builtins__))#结果为：['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'breakpoint', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
7 
8 #小结：
9 # 不同变量的作用域不同，就是由这个变量所在命名空间决定的

作用域即范围

  1. 全局范围：全局存活，全局有效

  2. 局部范围：临时存活，局部有效

查看作用域方法 globals(),locals()

 1 x = 1
 2 globals()
 3 {'__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.

Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", '__package__': '', '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), '__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>, '__import__': <bound method ImportHookManager.do_import of <module '_pydev_bundle.pydev_import_hook.import_hook'>>, 'abs': <built-in function abs>, 'all': <built-in function all>, 'any': <built-in function any>, 'ascii': <built-in function ascii>, 'bin': <built-in function bin>, 'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>, 'callable': <built-in function callable>, 'chr': <built-in function chr>, 'compile': <built-in function compile>, 'delattr': <built-in function delattr>, 'dir': <built-in function dir>, 'divmod': <built-in function divmod>, 'eval': <built-in function eval>, 'exec': <built-in function exec>, 'format': <built-in function format>, 'getattr': <built-in function getattr>, 'globals': <built-in function globals>, 'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>, 'hash': <built-in function hash>, 'hex': <built-in function hex>, 'id': <built-in function id>, 'input': <built-in function input>, 'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>, 'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>, 'iter': <built-in function iter>, 'len': <built-in function len>, 'locals': <built-in function locals>, 'max': <built-in function max>, 'min': <built-in function min>, 'next': <built-in function next>, 'oct': <built-in function oct>, 'ord': <built-in function ord>, 'pow': <built-in function pow>, 'print': <built-in function print>, 'repr': <built-in function repr>, 'round': <built-in function round>, 'setattr': <built-in function setattr>, 'sorted': <built-in function sorted>, 'sum': <built-in function sum>, 'vars': <built-in function vars>, 'None': None, 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis, 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented, 'False': False, 'True': True, 'bool': <class 'bool'>, 'memoryview': <class 'memoryview'>, 'bytearray': <class 'bytearray'>, 'bytes': <class 'bytes'>, 'classmethod': <class 'classmethod'>, 'complex': <class 'complex'>, 'dict': <class 'dict'>, 'enumerate': <class 'enumerate'>, 'filter': <class 'filter'>, 'float': <class 'float'>, 'frozenset': <class 'frozenset'>, 'property': <class 'property'>, 'int': <class 'int'>, 'list': <class 'list'>, 'map': <class 'map'>, 'object': <class 'object'>, 'range': <class 'range'>, 'reversed': <class 'reversed'>, 'set': <class 'set'>, 'slice': <class 'slice'>, 'staticmethod': <class 'staticmethod'>, 'str': <class 'str'>, 'super': <class 'super'>, 'tuple': <class 'tuple'>, 'type': <class 'type'>, 'zip': <class 'zip'>, '__debug__': True, 'BaseException': <class 'BaseException'>, 'Exception': <class 'Exception'>, 'TypeError': <class 'TypeError'>, 'StopAsyncIteration': <class 'StopAsyncIteration'>, 'StopIteration': <class 'StopIteration'>, 'GeneratorExit': <class 'GeneratorExit'>, 'SystemExit': <class 'SystemExit'>, 'KeyboardInterrupt': <class 'KeyboardInterrupt'>, 'ImportError': <class 'ImportError'>, 'ModuleNotFoundError': <class 'ModuleNotFoundError'>, 'OSError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EnvironmentError': <class 'OSError'>, 'IOError': <class 'OSError'>, 'WindowsError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EOFError': <class 'EOFError'>, 'RuntimeError': <class 'RuntimeError'>, 'RecursionError': <class 'RecursionError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <class 'NotImplementedError'>, 'NameError': <class 'NameError'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, 'AttributeError': <class 'AttributeError'>, 'SyntaxError': <class 'SyntaxError'>, 'IndentationError': <class 'IndentationError'>, 'TabError': <class 'TabError'>, 'LookupError': <class 'LookupError'>, 'IndexError': <class 'IndexError'>, 'KeyError': <class 'KeyError'>, 'ValueError': <class 'ValueError'>, 'UnicodeError': <class 'UnicodeError'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'AssertionError': <class 'AssertionError'>, 'ArithmeticError': <class 'ArithmeticError'>, 'FloatingPointError': <class 'FloatingPointError'>, 'OverflowError': <class 'OverflowError'>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, 'SystemError': <class 'SystemError'>, 'ReferenceError': <class 'ReferenceError'>, 'MemoryError': <class 'MemoryError'>, 'BufferError': <class 'BufferError'>, 'Warning': <class 'Warning'>, 'UserWarning': <class 'UserWarning'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'SyntaxWarning': <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, 'RuntimeWarning': <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, 'FutureWarning': <class 'FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <class 'ImportWarning'>, 'UnicodeWarning': <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, 'BytesWarning': <class 'BytesWarning'>, 'ResourceWarning': <class 'ResourceWarning'>, 'ConnectionError': <class 'ConnectionError'>, 'BlockingIOError': <class 'BlockingIOError'>, 'BrokenPipeError': <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, 'ChildProcessError': <class 'ChildProcessError'>, 'ConnectionAbortedError': <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, 'ConnectionRefusedError': <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, 'ConnectionResetError': <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, 'FileExistsError': <class 'FileExistsError'>, 'FileNotFoundError': <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, 'IsADirectoryError': <class 'IsADirectoryError'>, 'NotADirectoryError': <class 'NotADirectoryError'>, 'InterruptedError': <class 'InterruptedError'>, 'PermissionError': <class 'PermissionError'>, 'ProcessLookupError': <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, 'TimeoutError': <class 'TimeoutError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2018 Python Software Foundation.
 4 All Rights Reserved.
 5 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
 6 All Rights Reserved.
 7 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
 8 All Rights Reserved.
 9 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
10 All Rights Reserved., 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
11     for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'license': Type license() to see the full license text, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., 'execfile': <function execfile at 0x00000202BA0FF6A8>, 'runfile': <function runfile at 0x00000202BA168F28>, '_': None}, 'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>, 'x': 1}
12 locals()
13 {'__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.

Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", '__package__': '', '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), '__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>, '__import__': <bound method ImportHookManager.do_import of <module '_pydev_bundle.pydev_import_hook.import_hook'>>, 'abs': <built-in function abs>, 'all': <built-in function all>, 'any': <built-in function any>, 'ascii': <built-in function ascii>, 'bin': <built-in function bin>, 'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>, 'callable': <built-in function callable>, 'chr': <built-in function chr>, 'compile': <built-in function compile>, 'delattr': <built-in function delattr>, 'dir': <built-in function dir>, 'divmod': <built-in function divmod>, 'eval': <built-in function eval>, 'exec': <built-in function exec>, 'format': <built-in function format>, 'getattr': <built-in function getattr>, 'globals': <built-in function globals>, 'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>, 'hash': <built-in function hash>, 'hex': <built-in function hex>, 'id': <built-in function id>, 'input': <built-in function input>, 'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>, 'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>, 'iter': <built-in function iter>, 'len': <built-in function len>, 'locals': <built-in function locals>, 'max': <built-in function max>, 'min': <built-in function min>, 'next': <built-in function next>, 'oct': <built-in function oct>, 'ord': <built-in function ord>, 'pow': <built-in function pow>, 'print': <built-in function print>, 'repr': <built-in function repr>, 'round': <built-in function round>, 'setattr': <built-in function setattr>, 'sorted': <built-in function sorted>, 'sum': <built-in function sum>, 'vars': <built-in function vars>, 'None': None, 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis, 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented, 'False': False, 'True': True, 'bool': <class 'bool'>, 'memoryview': <class 'memoryview'>, 'bytearray': <class 'bytearray'>, 'bytes': <class 'bytes'>, 'classmethod': <class 'classmethod'>, 'complex': <class 'complex'>, 'dict': <class 'dict'>, 'enumerate': <class 'enumerate'>, 'filter': <class 'filter'>, 'float': <class 'float'>, 'frozenset': <class 'frozenset'>, 'property': <class 'property'>, 'int': <class 'int'>, 'list': <class 'list'>, 'map': <class 'map'>, 'object': <class 'object'>, 'range': <class 'range'>, 'reversed': <class 'reversed'>, 'set': <class 'set'>, 'slice': <class 'slice'>, 'staticmethod': <class 'staticmethod'>, 'str': <class 'str'>, 'super': <class 'super'>, 'tuple': <class 'tuple'>, 'type': <class 'type'>, 'zip': <class 'zip'>, '__debug__': True, 'BaseException': <class 'BaseException'>, 'Exception': <class 'Exception'>, 'TypeError': <class 'TypeError'>, 'StopAsyncIteration': <class 'StopAsyncIteration'>, 'StopIteration': <class 'StopIteration'>, 'GeneratorExit': <class 'GeneratorExit'>, 'SystemExit': <class 'SystemExit'>, 'KeyboardInterrupt': <class 'KeyboardInterrupt'>, 'ImportError': <class 'ImportError'>, 'ModuleNotFoundError': <class 'ModuleNotFoundError'>, 'OSError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EnvironmentError': <class 'OSError'>, 'IOError': <class 'OSError'>, 'WindowsError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EOFError': <class 'EOFError'>, 'RuntimeError': <class 'RuntimeError'>, 'RecursionError': <class 'RecursionError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <class 'NotImplementedError'>, 'NameError': <class 'NameError'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, 'AttributeError': <class 'AttributeError'>, 'SyntaxError': <class 'SyntaxError'>, 'IndentationError': <class 'IndentationError'>, 'TabError': <class 'TabError'>, 'LookupError': <class 'LookupError'>, 'IndexError': <class 'IndexError'>, 'KeyError': <class 'KeyError'>, 'ValueError': <class 'ValueError'>, 'UnicodeError': <class 'UnicodeError'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'AssertionError': <class 'AssertionError'>, 'ArithmeticError': <class 'ArithmeticError'>, 'FloatingPointError': <class 'FloatingPointError'>, 'OverflowError': <class 'OverflowError'>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, 'SystemError': <class 'SystemError'>, 'ReferenceError': <class 'ReferenceError'>, 'MemoryError': <class 'MemoryError'>, 'BufferError': <class 'BufferError'>, 'Warning': <class 'Warning'>, 'UserWarning': <class 'UserWarning'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'SyntaxWarning': <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, 'RuntimeWarning': <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, 'FutureWarning': <class 'FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <class 'ImportWarning'>, 'UnicodeWarning': <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, 'BytesWarning': <class 'BytesWarning'>, 'ResourceWarning': <class 'ResourceWarning'>, 'ConnectionError': <class 'ConnectionError'>, 'BlockingIOError': <class 'BlockingIOError'>, 'BrokenPipeError': <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, 'ChildProcessError': <class 'ChildProcessError'>, 'ConnectionAbortedError': <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, 'ConnectionRefusedError': <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, 'ConnectionResetError': <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, 'FileExistsError': <class 'FileExistsError'>, 'FileNotFoundError': <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, 'IsADirectoryError': <class 'IsADirectoryError'>, 'NotADirectoryError': <class 'NotADirectoryError'>, 'InterruptedError': <class 'InterruptedError'>, 'PermissionError': <class 'PermissionError'>, 'ProcessLookupError': <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, 'TimeoutError': <class 'TimeoutError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2018 Python Software Foundation.
14 All Rights Reserved.
15 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
16 All Rights Reserved.
17 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
18 All Rights Reserved.
19 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
20 All Rights Reserved., 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
21     for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'license': Type license() to see the full license text, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., 'execfile': <function execfile at 0x00000202BA0FF6A8>, 'runfile': <function runfile at 0x00000202BA168F28>, '_': None}, 'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>, 'x': 1}
22 __builtins__
23 {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.

Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", '__package__': '', '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), '__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>, '__import__': <bound method ImportHookManager.do_import of <module '_pydev_bundle.pydev_import_hook.import_hook'>>, 'abs': <built-in function abs>, 'all': <built-in function all>, 'any': <built-in function any>, 'ascii': <built-in function ascii>, 'bin': <built-in function bin>, 'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>, 'callable': <built-in function callable>, 'chr': <built-in function chr>, 'compile': <built-in function compile>, 'delattr': <built-in function delattr>, 'dir': <built-in function dir>, 'divmod': <built-in function divmod>, 'eval': <built-in function eval>, 'exec': <built-in function exec>, 'format': <built-in function format>, 'getattr': <built-in function getattr>, 'globals': <built-in function globals>, 'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>, 'hash': <built-in function hash>, 'hex': <built-in function hex>, 'id': <built-in function id>, 'input': <built-in function input>, 'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>, 'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>, 'iter': <built-in function iter>, 'len': <built-in function len>, 'locals': <built-in function locals>, 'max': <built-in function max>, 'min': <built-in function min>, 'next': <built-in function next>, 'oct': <built-in function oct>, 'ord': <built-in function ord>, 'pow': <built-in function pow>, 'print': <built-in function print>, 'repr': <built-in function repr>, 'round': <built-in function round>, 'setattr': <built-in function setattr>, 'sorted': <built-in function sorted>, 'sum': <built-in function sum>, 'vars': <built-in function vars>, 'None': None, 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis, 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented, 'False': False, 'True': True, 'bool': <class 'bool'>, 'memoryview': <class 'memoryview'>, 'bytearray': <class 'bytearray'>, 'bytes': <class 'bytes'>, 'classmethod': <class 'classmethod'>, 'complex': <class 'complex'>, 'dict': <class 'dict'>, 'enumerate': <class 'enumerate'>, 'filter': <class 'filter'>, 'float': <class 'float'>, 'frozenset': <class 'frozenset'>, 'property': <class 'property'>, 'int': <class 'int'>, 'list': <class 'list'>, 'map': <class 'map'>, 'object': <class 'object'>, 'range': <class 'range'>, 'reversed': <class 'reversed'>, 'set': <class 'set'>, 'slice': <class 'slice'>, 'staticmethod': <class 'staticmethod'>, 'str': <class 'str'>, 'super': <class 'super'>, 'tuple': <class 'tuple'>, 'type': <class 'type'>, 'zip': <class 'zip'>, '__debug__': True, 'BaseException': <class 'BaseException'>, 'Exception': <class 'Exception'>, 'TypeError': <class 'TypeError'>, 'StopAsyncIteration': <class 'StopAsyncIteration'>, 'StopIteration': <class 'StopIteration'>, 'GeneratorExit': <class 'GeneratorExit'>, 'SystemExit': <class 'SystemExit'>, 'KeyboardInterrupt': <class 'KeyboardInterrupt'>, 'ImportError': <class 'ImportError'>, 'ModuleNotFoundError': <class 'ModuleNotFoundError'>, 'OSError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EnvironmentError': <class 'OSError'>, 'IOError': <class 'OSError'>, 'WindowsError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EOFError': <class 'EOFError'>, 'RuntimeError': <class 'RuntimeError'>, 'RecursionError': <class 'RecursionError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <class 'NotImplementedError'>, 'NameError': <class 'NameError'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, 'AttributeError': <class 'AttributeError'>, 'SyntaxError': <class 'SyntaxError'>, 'IndentationError': <class 'IndentationError'>, 'TabError': <class 'TabError'>, 'LookupError': <class 'LookupError'>, 'IndexError': <class 'IndexError'>, 'KeyError': <class 'KeyError'>, 'ValueError': <class 'ValueError'>, 'UnicodeError': <class 'UnicodeError'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'AssertionError': <class 'AssertionError'>, 'ArithmeticError': <class 'ArithmeticError'>, 'FloatingPointError': <class 'FloatingPointError'>, 'OverflowError': <class 'OverflowError'>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, 'SystemError': <class 'SystemError'>, 'ReferenceError': <class 'ReferenceError'>, 'MemoryError': <class 'MemoryError'>, 'BufferError': <class 'BufferError'>, 'Warning': <class 'Warning'>, 'UserWarning': <class 'UserWarning'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'SyntaxWarning': <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, 'RuntimeWarning': <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, 'FutureWarning': <class 'FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <class 'ImportWarning'>, 'UnicodeWarning': <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, 'BytesWarning': <class 'BytesWarning'>, 'ResourceWarning': <class 'ResourceWarning'>, 'ConnectionError': <class 'ConnectionError'>, 'BlockingIOError': <class 'BlockingIOError'>, 'BrokenPipeError': <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, 'ChildProcessError': <class 'ChildProcessError'>, 'ConnectionAbortedError': <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, 'ConnectionRefusedError': <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, 'ConnectionResetError': <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, 'FileExistsError': <class 'FileExistsError'>, 'FileNotFoundError': <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, 'IsADirectoryError': <class 'IsADirectoryError'>, 'NotADirectoryError': <class 'NotADirectoryError'>, 'InterruptedError': <class 'InterruptedError'>, 'PermissionError': <class 'PermissionError'>, 'ProcessLookupError': <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, 'TimeoutError': <class 'TimeoutError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2018 Python Software Foundation.
24 All Rights Reserved.
25 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
26 All Rights Reserved.
27 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
28 All Rights Reserved.
29 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
30 All Rights Reserved., 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
31     for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'license': Type license() to see the full license text, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., 'execfile': <function execfile at 0x00000202BA0FF6A8>, 'runfile': <function runfile at 0x00000202BA168F28>, '_': None}
32 dir(__buildins__)
33 Traceback (most recent call last):
34   File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
35 NameError: name '__buildins__' is not defined
36 dir(__builtins__)
37 ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

  • 函数—函数进阶—作用域的查找空间

 1 n = 10
 2 def func():
 3     n = 20
 4     print('func',n)
 5 
 6     def func2():
 7         n = 30
 8         print('func2',n)
 9 
10         def func3():
11              print("func3",n)
12 
13         func3()
14     func2()
15 func()
16 
17 # 结果为：
18 # func 20
19 # func2 30
20 # func3 30
21 
22 #作用域的查找顺序（一层一层往上查找） LEGB：
23 # L：locals 是函数内的名字空间，包括局部变量和形参
24 # E：enclosing 外部嵌套函数的名字空间
25 # G：globals 全局变量，函数定义所在模块的名字空间
26 # B：builtins 内置模块的名字空间

  • 函数—函数进阶—闭包

  1. 闭包，即函数定义和函数表达式位于另一个函数的函数体内(嵌套函数)。
  2. 这些内部函数可以访问它们所在的外部函数中声明的所有局部变量、参数。
  3. 当其中一个这样的内部函数在包含它们的外部函数之外被调用时，就会形成闭包。
  4. 也就是说，内部函数会在外部函数返回后被执行。而当这个内部函数执行时，它仍然必需访问其外部函数的局部变量、参数以及其他内部函数。
  5. 这些局部变量、参数和函数声明（最初时）的值是外部函数返回时的值，但也会受到内部函数的影响。
 1 def func():
 2     n = 10
 3 
 4     def func2():
 5         print("func2:",n)
 6     return func2    #返回func2的内存地址
 7 
 8 f = func()
 9 print(f)         #结果为：<function func.<locals>.func2 at 0x000002F1B9F59730>
10 f()              #结果为：func2: 10
11 
12 #按常理来讲，执行完func()函数后，func2()已经释放了，但是它返回了   func2: 10
13 #在外部拿到了内部的函数，并且还可以使用内部函数的作用域里面的值
14 
15 #闭包的意义：返回的函数对象，不仅仅是一个函数对象，在该函数外还包裹了一层作用域，这使得，该函数无论在何处调用，优先使用自己外层包裹的作用域

  • 函数—函数进阶—装饰器（http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5765046.html） 

 1 user_status = False       #用户登录后，这个改为True
 2 
 3 def login():
 4     username1 = "alex"         #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 5     password1 = "abc123"      #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 6     global user_status
 7 
 8     if user_status == False:
 9          username = input("user:")
10          password = input("password:")
11 
12          if username == username1 and password == password1:
13              print("welcome login.....")
14              user_status = True
15          else:
16              print("wrong username or password")
17 
18     else:
19          print("用户已登录，验证通过...")
20 
21 def home():
22      print("————首页————")
23 
24 def america():
25     print("————欧美专区————")
26     login()
27 
28 def japan():
29     print("————日韩专区————")
30 
31 def henan():
32     print("————河南专区————")
33     login()
34 
35 home()
36 henan()
37 america()
38 
39 #问题：现在有很多模块需要加认证模块，这个代码虽然实现了功能，但是需要更改需要加认证的各个模块的代码，这直接违反了软件开发中的一个原则“开放-封闭”原则。
40 # 简单来说，它规定已经实现的功能代码不允许被修改，但可以被扩展：
41 # 封闭：已实现的功能代码块不应该被修改
42 # 开放：对现有功能的扩展开放
43 
44 
45 #写个认证方法，每次调用需要验证的功能时，直接把这个功能的函数名当做一个参数，传给验证模块。
46 user_status = False       #用户登录后，这个改为True
47 
48 def login(func):
49     username1 = "alex"         #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
50     password1 = "abc123"      #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
51     global user_status
52 
53     if user_status == False:
54         username = input("user:")
55         password = input("password:")
56 
57         if username == username1 and password == password1:
58             print("welcome login.....")
59             user_status = True
60         else:
61             print("wrong username or password")
62     if user_status == True:
63        func()
64 
65 def home():
66     print("————首页————")
67 
68 def america():
69     print("————欧美专区————")
70 
71 def japan():
72     print("————日韩专区————")
73 
74 def henan():
75     print("————河南专区————")
76 
77 login(america)       #america专区，需要验证，所以调用 login，把需要验证的功能 当做一个参数传给login
78 login(henan)         #america专区，需要验证，所以调用 login，把需要验证的功能 当做一个参数传给login
79 
80 #问题：现在每个需要认证的模块，都必须调用你的login()方法，并把自己的函数名传给你，人家之前可不是这么调用的，如果有100个模块需要认证，那这100个模块都得更改调用方式，这么多模块肯定不止是一个人写的，让每个人再去修改调用方式才能加上认证。

  • 函数—函数进阶—装饰器流程分析

 1 user_status = False       #用户登录后，这个改为True
 2 
 3 def login(func):
 4     username1 = "alex"         #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 5     password1 = "abc123"      #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 6     global user_status
 7 
 8     if user_status == False:
 9         username = input("user:")
10         password = input("password:")
11 
12         if username == username1 and password == password1:
13             print("welcome login.....")
14             user_status = True
15         else:
16             print("wrong username or password")
17     if user_status == True:
18        func()
19 
20 def home():
21     print("————首页————")
22 
23 def america():
24     print("————欧美专区————")
25 
26 def japan():
27     print("————日韩专区————")
28 
29 def henan():
30     print("————河南专区————")
31 
32 america = login(america)        #相当于把america这个函数替换了
33 henan = login(henan)
34 america()                       #那用户调用时依然写
35 henan()
36 #问题：还不等用户调用，america = login(america)就会先自己把america执行了，但是应该用户调用的时候 再执行才对。
 1 #继续优化
 2 user_status = False       #用户登录后，这个改为True
 3 def login(func):          #把要执行的模块从这里传进来
 4     def inner():          #再定义一层函数
 5         username1 = "alex"         #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 6         password1 = "abc123"      #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 7         global user_status
 8 
 9         if user_status == False:
10             username = input("user:")
11             password = input("password:")
12 
13             if username == username1 and password == password1:
14                     print("welcome login.....")
15                     user_status = True
16             else:
17                     print("wrong username or password")
18         else:
19             print("用户已登录，验证通过...")
20         if user_status:
21              func()          #  只要这里验证通过了，就调用相应功能
22 
23     return  inner          #用户调用login时，只会返回inner的内存地址，下次再调用时加上()才会执行inner函数
24 
25 def home():
26     print("————首页————")
27 
28 def america():
29     print("————欧美专区————")
30 
31 def japan():
32     print("————日韩专区————")
33 
34 @login        #henan = login(henan)           #相当于把henan这个函数替换了
35 def henan():
36     print("————河南专区————")
37 
38 #print(henan)                #inner
39 henan()       #inner()

  • 函数—函数进阶—装饰器带参数1

     1 user_status = False                  #用户登录后，这个改为True
 2 def login(func):                     #把要执行的模块从这里传进来
 3     def inner(*args,**kwargs):                     # 使用非固定参数
 4         username1 = "alex"         #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 5         password1 = "abc123"      #假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 6         global user_status
 7 
 8         if user_status == False:
 9             username = input("user:")
10             password = input("password:")
11 
12             if username == username1 and password == password1:
13                     print("welcome login.....")
14                     user_status = True
15             else:
16                     print("wrong username or password")
17         else:
18             print("用户已登录，验证通过...")
19 
20         if user_status:
21              func(*args,*kwargs)          # 使用非固定参数   只要这里验证通过了，就调用相应功能
22 
23     return  inner          #用户调用login时，只会返回inner的内存地址，下次再调用时加上()才会执行inner函数
24 
25 def home():
26     print("————首页————")
27 
28 def america():
29     print("————欧美专区————")
30 
31 @login
32 def japan():
33     print("————日韩专区————")
34 
35 @login        #henan = login(henan)           #相当于把henan这个函数替换了
36 def henan(style):
37     print("————河南专区————",style)
38 
39 #henan = login(henan)           #相当于把henan这个函数替换了
40 #print(henan)                #inner
41 henan("3p")                #inner()
42 
43 japan()             #inner()

     

     

  • 函数—函数进阶—装饰器带参数2

     1 user_status = False  # 用户登录了，就把这个改成True
 2 
 3 def login(auth_type):              #再包括一层在外面
 4     def outer(func):                # 把要执行的模块从这里传进来
 5         def inner(*args, **kwargs):   # 使用非固定参数
 6             _username = "alex"          # 假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 7             _password = "abc!23"        # 假装这是DB里存的用户信息
 8             global user_status
 9             if user_status == False:
10                 username = input("user:")
11                 password = input("pasword:")
12                 if username == _username and password == _password:
13                     print("welcome login....")
14                     user_status = True
15                 else:
16                     print("wrong username or password!")
17             else:
18                 print("用户已登录，验证通过...")
19             if user_status == True:
20                 func(*args,**kwargs) # 使用非固定参数,支持多个参数；
21         return inner                       # 用户调用login时，只会返回inner的内存地址，下次再调用时加上()才会执行inner函数
22     
23     return outer
24 def home():
25     print("---首页----")
26 def america():
27     print("----欧美专区----")
28 
29 def japan():
30     print("----日韩专区----")
31 @login('QQ')      # henan = login('qq')(henan) = inner
32 def henan(style):
33     print("----河南专区----",style)
34 
35 henan("3p")          #传入了参数

 

【推广】 免费学中医，健康全家人
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/wqq0723/p/9612788.html