5. 缺失值
> y <- c(1,2,3,NA) > is.na(y) [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE > leadership manager testDate country gender age item1 item2 item3 item4 item5 1 1 10/24/08 US M 32 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 10/28/08 US F 45 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 10/1/08 UK F 25 3 5 5 5 2 4 4 10/12/08 UK M 39 3 3 4 NA NA 5 5 5/1/09 UK F NA 2 2 1 2 1 stringAsFactors agecat 1 FALSE Young 2 FALSE Young 3 FALSE Young 4 FALSE Young 5 FALSE <NA> > leadership[,6:10] item1 item2 item3 item4 item5 1 5 4 5 5 5 2 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 2 4 3 3 4 NA NA 5 2 2 1 2 1 > is.na(leadership[,6:10]) item1 item2 item3 item4 item5 1 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE 2 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE 3 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE 4 FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE 5 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE >
5.1 重编码某些值为缺失值
> leadership$age[leadership$age == 99] <- NA > leadership$age [1] 32 45 25 39 NA >
5.2 在分析中排除缺失值
> x <- c(1,2,NA,3) > y <- x[1] + x[2] + x[3] + x[4] > z <- sum(x) > x [1] 1 2 NA 3 > y [1] NA > z [1] NA > > > x <- c(1,2,NA,3) > y <- sum(x, na.rm=TRUE) > > X Error: object 'X' not found > x [1] 1 2 NA 3 > y [1] 6 > leadership manager testDate country gender age item1 item2 item3 item4 item5 1 1 10/24/08 US M 32 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 10/28/08 US F 45 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 10/1/08 UK F 25 3 5 5 5 2 4 4 10/12/08 UK M 39 3 3 4 NA NA 5 5 5/1/09 UK F NA 2 2 1 2 1 stringAsFactors agecat 1 FALSE Young 2 FALSE Young 3 FALSE Young 4 FALSE Young 5 FALSE <NA> > newdata <- na.omit(leadership) > newdata manager testDate country gender age item1 item2 item3 item4 item5 1 1 10/24/08 US M 32 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 10/28/08 US F 45 3 5 2 5 5 3 3 10/1/08 UK F 25 3 5 5 5 2 stringAsFactors agecat 1 FALSE Young 2 FALSE Young 3 FALSE Young >
6. 日期值
> mydates <- as.Date(c("2007-06-22", "2004-02-13"))
> mydates
[1] "2007-06-22" "2004-02-13"
>
>
> strDates <- c("01/05/1965", "08/16/1975")
> strDates
[1] "01/05/1965" "08/16/1975"
> dates <- as.Date(strDates, "%m/%d/%Y")
> dates
[1] "1965-01-05" "1975-08-16"
>
> myformat <- "%m/%d/%y"
> leadership$date <- as.Date(leadership$date, myformat)
Error in as.Date.default(leadership$date, myformat) :
do not know how to convert 'leadership$date' to class “Date”
> leadership$testdate <- as.Date(leadership$date, myformat)
Error in as.Date.default(leadership$date, myformat) :
do not know how to convert 'leadership$date' to class “Date”
> leadership$testDate <- as.Date(leadership$testDate, myformat)
> leadership$testDate
[1] "2008-10-24" "2008-10-28" "2008-10-01" "2008-10-12" "2009-05-01"
> leadership
manager testDate country gender age item1 item2 item3 item4 item5
1 1 2008-10-24 US M 32 5 4 5 5 5
2 2 2008-10-28 US F 45 3 5 2 5 5
3 3 2008-10-01 UK F 25 3 5 5 5 2
4 4 2008-10-12 UK M 39 3 3 4 NA NA
5 5 2009-05-01 UK F NA 2 2 1 2 1
stringAsFactors agecat
1 FALSE Young
2 FALSE Young
3 FALSE Young
4 FALSE Young
5 FALSE <NA>
>
> Sys.Date()
[1] "2017-09-07"
> date()
[1] "Thu Sep 07 22:40:04 2017"
> today <- Sys.Date()
> format(today, format="%B %d %Y")
[1] "September 07 2017"
> format(today, format="%A")
[1] "Thursday"
>
>
> startdate <- as.Date("2004-02-13")
> enddate <- as.Date("2011-01-22")
> days <- enddate - startdate
> days
Time difference of 2535 days
>
>
> today <- Sys.Date()
> dob <- as.Date("1988-06-30")
> difftime(today, dob, units="weeks")
Time difference of 1523 weeks
> difftime(today, dob, units="days")
Time difference of 10661 days
> format(dob, format="%A")
[1] "Thursday"
> format(as.Date("2017-09-07"), format="%A")
[1] "Thursday"
> format(as.Date("2017-09-06"), format="%A")
[1] "Wednesday"
>
6.1 将日期转换为字符型变量
> dates [1] "1965-01-05" "1975-08-16" > strDates <- as.character(dates) > strDates [1] "1965-01-05" "1975-08-16" >
6.2 更进一步
help(as.Date) help(strftime) help(ISOdatetime) lubridate 包 fCalendar 包
7. 类型转换
> a <- c(1, 2, 3) > a [1] 1 2 3 > is.numeric(a) [1] TRUE > is.vector(a) [1] TRUE > > a <- as.character(a) > a [1] "1" "2" "3" > is.numeric(a) [1] FALSE > is.vector(a) [1] TRUE > is.character(a) [1] TRUE >