##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################
1.def all(self)
# 获取所有的数据对象
2.def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q
3.def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q
4.def select_related(self, *fields)
性能相关：表之间进行join连表操作，一次性获取关联的数据。
model.tb.objects.all().select_related()
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段')
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段')
5.def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
性能相关：多表连表操作时速度会慢，使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。
# 获取所有用户表
# 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID)
models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段')
from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField
Article.objects.annotate(
numviews=Count(Case(
When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1),
output_field=CharField(),
))
)
students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum(
models.Case(
models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1),
default=0,
output_field=models.IntegerField()
)))
6.def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 用于实现聚合group by查询
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
7.def distinct(self, *field_names)
# 用于distinct去重
models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
# select distinct nid from userinfo
注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重
8.def order_by(self, *field_names)
# 用于排序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')
9.def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
# 构造额外的查询条件或者映射，如：子查询
UserInfo.objects.extra(where=['headline ? %s'], params=['Lennon'])
# select * from userinfo where headline > 'Lennon'
UserInfo.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
# select * from userinfo where (foo='a' OR bar = 'a') and baz = 'a'
UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
"""
select id, name, (select col from sometable where othercol > 1) as new_id
"""
UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
10.def reverse(self):
# 倒序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
# 注：如果存在order_by，reverse则是倒序，如果多个排序则一一倒序
11.def defer(self, *fields):
models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
#映射中排除某列数据
12.def only(self, *fields):
#仅取某个表中的数据
models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')
13.def using(self, alias):
指定使用的数据库，参数为别名（setting中的设置）
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=5).using('db1')
##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################
14.def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
# 执行原生SQL
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo where id > 10 ')
# 如果SQL是其他表时，必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')
# 为原生SQL设置参数
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])
# 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名
name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)
# 指定数据库
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")
################### 原生SQL ###################
from django.db import connection, connections
cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)
15.def values(self, *fields):
# 获取每行数据为字典格式
16.def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
# 获取每行数据为元祖
17.def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容
# kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日）
# order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
# 并获取转换后的时间
- year : 年-01-01
- month: 年-月-01
- day : 年-月-日
models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')
18.def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容，将时间转换为指定时区时间
# kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
# order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
# tzinfo时区对象
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))
"""
pip3 install pytz
import pytz
pytz.all_timezones
pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
"""
19.def none(self):
# 空QuerySet对象
####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################
20.def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 聚合函数，获取字典类型聚合结果
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}
21.def count(self):
# 获取个数
22.def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取单个对象
23.def create(self, **kwargs):
# 创建对象
24.def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
# 批量插入
# batch_size表示一次插入的个数
objs = [
models.DDD(name='r11'),
models.DDD(name='r22')
]
models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)
25.def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在，则获取，否则，创建
# defaults 指定创建时，其他字段的值
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})
26.def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在，则更新，否则，创建
# defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})
27.def first(self):
# 获取第一个
28.def last(self):
# 获取最后一个
29.def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
# 根据主键ID进行查找
id_list = [11,21,31]
models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)
models.User.objects.filter(id__in=[11,21,31])
30.def delete(self):
# 删除
31.def update(self, **kwargs):
# 更新
32.def exists(self):
# 是否有结果