内容概要：
一、python2 or 3
二、字符串拼接
三、字符串
四、列表、元祖
五、字典
六、集合
七、练习
| 一、python2 or python3 |
目前大多使用python2.7，随着时间的推移，python3将会成为python爱好者的主流。
python2和3区别：
1.PRINT IS A FUNCTION
1 Old: print "The answer is", 2*2 New: print("The answer is", 2*2)
2 Old: print x, # Trailing comma suppresses newline New: print(x, end=" ") # Appends a space instead of a newline
3 Old: print # Prints a newline
4 New: print() # You must call the function!
5 Old: print >>sys.stderr, "fatal error" New: print("fatal error", file=sys.stderr)
6 Old: print (x, y) # prints repr((x, y))
7 New: print((x, y)) # Not the same as print(x, y)!
2.某些库名改变
例如：
| 2.x | 3.x |
| _winreg | winreg |
| copy_reg | copyreg |
| Queue | queue |
| SockerServer | sockerserver |
| repr | reprlib |
3.ALL IS UNICODE NOW
所有的字符编码变为unicode
| 二、字符串拼接 |
方法一：使用“+”（不推荐）
原因：python中的字符串在C语言中体现为是一个字符数组，每次创建字符串时候需要在内存中开辟一块连续的空，并且一旦需要修改字符串的话，就需要再次开辟空间，万恶的+号每出现一次就会在内从中重新开辟一块空间
name="wd" msg="my name is "+name print(msg) 输出： my name is wd
方法二：使用格式化字符串
%s:字符串
%d:整数
%f:浮点数
1 name="wd" 2 age=22 3 job="IT" 4 msg="my name is %s age %d job %s"%(name,age,job) 5 print(msg) 6 输出： 7 my name is wd age 22 job IT
方法三：使用format进行格式化输出（变量名替换）
1 name="wd" 2 age=22 3 job="IT" 4 msg='''my name is:{_name} 5 age is: {_age} 6 job is: {_job}'''.format(_name=name,_age=age,_job=job) 7 print(msg) 8 输出： 9 my name is:wd 10 age is: 22 11 job is: IT
或者：（位置替换）
1 name="wd" 2 age=22 3 job="IT" 4 msg='''my name is:{0} 5 age is: {1} 6 job is: {2}'''.format(name,age,job) 7 print(msg) 8 输出： 9 my name is:wd 10 age is: 22 11 job is: IT
总结：对比以上三种方法,使用+方式进行拼接字符串会开辟较多的内存空间，效率低，推荐使用第二种和第三种方法。
| 三、字符串 |
1.字符串常用操作
- 移除空白(strip)
- 分割(split)
- 长度(len)
- 索引(index)
- 切片
字符串对方法如下：
1 class str(basestring): 2 """ 3 str(object='') -> string 4 5 Return a nice string representation of the object. 6 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 7 """ 8 def capitalize(self): 9 """ 首字母变大写 """ 10 """ 11 S.capitalize() -> string 12 13 Return a copy of the string S with only its first character 14 capitalized. 15 """ 16 return "" 17 18 def center(self, width, fillchar=None): 19 """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """ 20 """ 21 S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string 22 23 Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is 24 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 25 """ 26 return "" 27 28 def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 29 """ 子序列个数 """ 30 """ 31 S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int 32 33 Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in 34 string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted 35 as in slice notation. 36 """ 37 return 0 38 39 def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 40 """ 解码 """ 41 """ 42 S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 43 44 Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 45 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 46 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise 47 a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' 48 as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is 49 able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. 50 """ 51 return object() 52 53 def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 54 """ 编码，针对unicode """ 55 """ 56 S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 57 58 Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 59 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 60 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise 61 a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and 62 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with 63 codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. 64 """ 65 return object() 66 67 def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): 68 """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """ 69 """ 70 S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 71 72 Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. 73 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 74 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 75 suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 76 """ 77 return False 78 79 def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None): 80 """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """ 81 """ 82 S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string 83 84 Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. 85 If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. 86 """ 87 return "" 88 89 def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 90 """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """ 91 """ 92 S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 93 94 Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, 95 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 96 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 97 98 Return -1 on failure. 99 """ 100 return 0 101 102 def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format 103 """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """ 104 """ 105 S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string 106 107 Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. 108 The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}'). 109 """ 110 pass 111 112 def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 113 """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """ 114 S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 115 116 Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 117 """ 118 return 0 119 120 def isalnum(self): 121 """ 是否是字母和数字 """ 122 """ 123 S.isalnum() -> bool 124 125 Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric 126 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 127 """ 128 return False 129 130 def isalpha(self): 131 """ 是否是字母 """ 132 """ 133 S.isalpha() -> bool 134 135 Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic 136 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 137 """ 138 return False 139 140 def isdigit(self): 141 """ 是否是数字 """ 142 """ 143 S.isdigit() -> bool 144 145 Return True if all characters in S are digits 146 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 147 """ 148 return False 149 150 def islower(self): 151 """ 是否小写 """ 152 """ 153 S.islower() -> bool 154 155 Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is 156 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 157 """ 158 return False 159 160 def isspace(self): 161 """ 162 S.isspace() -> bool 163 164 Return True if all characters in S are whitespace 165 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 166 """ 167 return False 168 169 def istitle(self): 170 """ 171 S.istitle() -> bool 172 173 Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one 174 character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased 175 characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False 176 otherwise. 177 """ 178 return False 179 180 def isupper(self): 181 """ 182 S.isupper() -> bool 183 184 Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is 185 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 186 """ 187 return False 188 189 def join(self, iterable): 190 """ 连接 """ 191 """ 192 S.join(iterable) -> string 193 194 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the 195 iterable. The separator between elements is S. 196 """ 197 return "" 198 199 def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): 200 """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """ 201 """ 202 S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 203 204 Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 205 done using the specified fill character (default is a space). 206 """ 207 return "" 208 209 def lower(self): 210 """ 变小写 """ 211 """ 212 S.lower() -> string 213 214 Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. 215 """ 216 return "" 217 218 def lstrip(self, chars=None): 219 """ 移除左侧空白 """ 220 """ 221 S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 222 223 Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. 224 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 225 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 226 """ 227 return "" 228 229 def partition(self, sep): 230 """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """ 231 """ 232 S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 233 234 Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, 235 the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not 236 found, return S and two empty strings. 237 """ 238 pass 239 240 def replace(self, old, new, count=None): 241 """ 替换 """ 242 """ 243 S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string 244 245 Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring 246 old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is 247 given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. 248 """ 249 return "" 250 251 def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 252 """ 253 S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 254 255 Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, 256 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 257 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 258 259 Return -1 on failure. 260 """ 261 return 0 262 263 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 264 """ 265 S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 266 267 Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 268 """ 269 return 0 270 271 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): 272 """ 273 S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 274 275 Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 276 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 277 """ 278 return "" 279 280 def rpartition(self, sep): 281 """ 282 S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 283 284 Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return 285 the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the 286 separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. 287 """ 288 pass 289 290 def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 291 """ 292 S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 293 294 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 295 delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working 296 to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are 297 done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string 298 is a separator. 299 """ 300 return [] 301 302 def rstrip(self, chars=None): 303 """ 304 S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 305 306 Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. 307 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 308 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 309 """ 310 return "" 311 312 def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 313 """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """ 314 """ 315 S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 316 317 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 318 delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit 319 splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any 320 whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed 321 from the result. 322 """ 323 return [] 324 325 def splitlines(self, keepends=False): 326 """ 根据换行分割 """ 327 """ 328 S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings 329 330 Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. 331 Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends 332 is given and true. 333 """ 334 return [] 335 336 def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): 337 """ 是否起始 """ 338 """ 339 S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 340 341 Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. 342 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 343 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 344 prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 345 """ 346 return False 347 348 def strip(self, chars=None): 349 """ 移除两段空白 """ 350 """ 351 S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode 352 353 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing 354 whitespace removed. 355 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 356 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 357 """ 358 return "" 359 360 def swapcase(self): 361 """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """ 362 """ 363 S.swapcase() -> string 364 365 Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters 366 converted to lowercase and vice versa. 367 """ 368 return "" 369 370 def title(self): 371 """ 372 S.title() -> string 373 374 Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase 375 characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. 376 """ 377 return "" 378 379 def translate(self, table, deletechars=None): 380 """ 381 转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合 382 intab = "aeiou" 383 outtab = "12345" 384 trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab) 385 str = "this is string example....wow!!!" 386 print str.translate(trantab, 'xm') 387 """ 388 389 """ 390 S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string 391 392 Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring 393 in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the 394 remaining characters have been mapped through the given 395 translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None. 396 If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and 397 the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars. 398 """ 399 return "" 400 401 def upper(self): 402 """ 403 S.upper() -> string 404 405 Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. 406 """ 407 return "" 408 409 def zfill(self, width): 410 """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。""" 411 """ 412 S.zfill(width) -> string 413 414 Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field 415 of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. 416 """ 417 return "" 418 419 def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 420 pass 421 422 def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 423 pass 424 425 def __add__(self, y): 426 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 427 pass 428 429 def __contains__(self, y): 430 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 431 pass 432 433 def __eq__(self, y): 434 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 435 pass 436 437 def __format__(self, format_spec): 438 """ 439 S.__format__(format_spec) -> string 440 441 Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec. 442 """ 443 return "" 444 445 def __getattribute__(self, name): 446 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 447 pass 448 449 def __getitem__(self, y): 450 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 451 pass 452 453 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 454 pass 455 456 def __getslice__(self, i, j): 457 """ 458 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 459 460 Use of negative indices is not supported. 461 """ 462 pass 463 464 def __ge__(self, y): 465 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 466 pass 467 468 def __gt__(self, y): 469 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 470 pass 471 472 def __hash__(self): 473 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 474 pass 475 476 def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__ 477 """ 478 str(object='') -> string 479 480 Return a nice string representation of the object. 481 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 482 # (copied from class doc) 483 """ 484 pass 485 486 def __len__(self): 487 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 488 pass 489 490 def __le__(self, y): 491 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 492 pass 493 494 def __lt__(self, y): 495 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 496 pass 497 498 def __mod__(self, y): 499 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 500 pass 501 502 def __mul__(self, n): 503 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 504 pass 505 506 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 507 def __new__(S, *more): 508 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 509 pass 510 511 def __ne__(self, y): 512 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 513 pass 514 515 def __repr__(self): 516 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 517 pass 518 519 def __rmod__(self, y): 520 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 521 pass 522 523 def __rmul__(self, n): 524 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 525 pass 526 527 def __sizeof__(self): 528 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ 529 pass 530 531 def __str__(self): 532 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 533 pass 534 535 str
| 四、列表、元祖 |
1.列表（list）
列表常用操作：
索引(index)
1 a=["a","b","c",1,2,3] 2 print(a.index("a"))#不加位置参数 3 输出： 4 0 5 6 a=["a","b","c","a",2,3] 7 print(a.index("a")) 8 print(a.index("a",1,5))#从索引1开始到5之间查找 9 输出： 10 0 11 3
切片
1 >>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"] 2 >>> names[1:4] #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4 3 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain'] 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1 5 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom'] 6 >>> names[0:3] 7 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric'] 8 >>> names[:3] #如果是从头开始取，0可以忽略，跟上句效果一样 9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric'] 10 >>> names[3:] #如果想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写 11 ['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 12 >>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了 13 ['Rain', 'Tom'] 14 >>> names[-3:-1] #取最后两个效果同names[3:4] 15 ['Tom','Amy'] 16 >>> names[0::2] #后面的2是代表，每隔一个元素，就取一个 17 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom'] 18 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果一样 19 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']
追加(append)
1 a=["a","b","c","a",2,3] 2 a.append("WD") 3 print(a) 4 输出： 5 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 2, 3, 'WD']
删除(del，pop)
1 a=["a","b","c","d"] 2 del a[0] 3 print(a) 4 输出： 5 ['b', 'c', 'd'] 6 7 #pop 8 9 a=["a","b","c","d"] 10 a.pop() 11 print(a)#默认移除最后一个 12 输出： 13 ['a', 'b', 'c'] 14 #移除制定位置元素 15 a=["a","b","c","d"] 16 a.pop(2)#移除位置2的元素等价del a[2] 17 print(a) 18 输出： 19 ['a', 'b', 'd']
插入(insert)
1 a=["a","b","c","a",2,3] 2 a.insert(0,"WD")#0代表索引，在0位置之前插入 3 print(a) 4 输出： 5 ['WD', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 2, 3]
扩展(extend)
1 a=["a","b","c"] 2 b=[1,2,3] 3 a.extend(b) 4 print(a) 5 输出： 6 ['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
统计(count)
1 >>> names 2 ['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3'] 3 >>> names.sort() 4 >>> names 5 ['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom'] 6 7 >>> names.reverse() #反转 8 >>> names 9 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
排序(sort)
1 >>> names 2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3] 3 >>> names.sort() #排序 4 Traceback (most recent call last): 5 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str() #3.0里不同数据类型不能放在一起排序了 7 >>> names[-3] = '1' 8 >>> names[-2] = '2' 9 >>> names[-1] = '3' 10 >>> names 11 ['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3'] 12 >>> names.sort() 13 >>> names 14 ['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom'] 15 16 >>> names.reverse() #反转 17 >>> names 18 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
循环(for)
1 a=["a","b","c","d"] 2 for i in a: 3 print(i) 4 输出： 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 d
包含（in）
1 a=["alex","wusir","wd"] 2 if "alex" in a: 3 print("oh you are here!") 4 输出： 5 oh you are here!
长度（len）
1 a=["a","b","c"] 2 print(len(a)) 3 结果： 4 3
清空（clear）
1 a=["a","b","c"] 2 a.clear() 3 print(a) 4 结果： 5 []
列表中含有的方法：
1 class list(object): 2 """ 3 list() -> new empty list 4 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items 5 """ 6 def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 7 """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """ 8 pass 9 10 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 11 """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ 12 return 0 13 14 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """ 16 pass 17 18 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 19 """ 20 L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. 21 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 22 """ 23 return 0 24 25 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 26 """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """ 27 pass 28 29 def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 30 """ 31 L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last). 32 Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. 33 """ 34 pass 35 36 def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 37 """ 38 L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. 39 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 40 """ 41 pass 42 43 def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 44 """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """ 45 pass 46 47 def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 48 """ 49 L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*; 50 cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1 51 """ 52 pass 53 54 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 55 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 56 pass 57 58 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 59 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 60 pass 61 62 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 63 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ 64 pass 65 66 def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 67 """ 68 x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] 69 70 Use of negative indices is not supported. 71 """ 72 pass 73 74 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 75 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 76 pass 77 78 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 79 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 80 pass 81 82 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 83 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 84 pass 85 86 def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 87 """ 88 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 89 90 Use of negative indices is not supported. 91 """ 92 pass 93 94 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 95 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 96 pass 97 98 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 99 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 100 pass 101 102 def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 103 """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """ 104 pass 105 106 def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 107 """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """ 108 pass 109 110 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__ 111 """ 112 list() -> new empty list 113 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items 114 # (copied from class doc) 115 """ 116 pass 117 118 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 119 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 120 pass 121 122 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 123 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 124 pass 125 126 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 127 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 128 pass 129 130 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 131 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 132 pass 133 134 def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 135 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 136 pass 137 138 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 139 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 140 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 141 pass 142 143 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 144 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 148 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 149 pass 150 151 def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 152 """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """ 153 pass 154 155 def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 156 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 157 pass 158 159 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 160 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ 161 pass 162 163 def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 164 """ 165 x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y 166 167 Use of negative indices is not supported. 168 """ 169 pass 170 171 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 172 """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """ 173 pass 174 175 __hash__ = None 176 177 list
2.元祖（tuple）
元组其实跟列表差不多，也是存一组数，只不是它一旦创建，便不能再修改，所以又叫只读列表
元祖操作：
- 索引
- 切片
- 循环
- 长度
- 包含
| 五、字典 |
3.字典
字典的特性：
- dict是无序的
- key必须是唯一的,天生去重
字典操作：
索引(key)
1 a={"name":"WD","age":"22","job":"IT"} 2 print(a["name"]) 3 输出： 4 WD
增加
1 a={"name":"WD","age":"22","job":"IT"} 2 a["city"]="chengdu" 3 print(a) 4 输出： 5 {'city': 'chengdu', 'age': '22', 'job': 'IT', 'name': 'WD'}
修改
1 a={"name":"WD","age":"22","job":"IT"} 2 a["name"]="alex" 3 print(a) 4 输出： 5 {'name': 'alex', 'job': 'IT', 'age': '22'}
删除(del、pop)
1 >>> info 2 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'} 3 >>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿势 4 '武藤兰' 5 >>> info 6 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} 7 >>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿势删除 8 >>> info 9 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'} 10 >>> 11 >>> 12 >>> 13 >>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} 14 >>> info 15 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #随机删除 16 >>> info.popitem() 17 ('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola') 18 >>> info 19 {'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
查找(get)
1 >>> msg={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 2 >>> msg["name"]#如果获取索引不存在会报错 3 'WD' 4 >>> "name" in msg#标准姿势 5 True 6 >>> msg.get("name")#get获取不到元素返回None不会报错 7 'WD'
键、值、键值对
1 msg={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 2 print(msg.keys())#打印所有的key 3 print(msg.values())#打印所有的值 4 print(msg.items())#打印键值对 5 结果： 6 dict_keys(['job', 'age', 'name']) 7 dict_values(['IT', 22, 'WD']) 8 dict_items([('job', 'IT'), ('age', 22), ('name', 'WD')])
循环（for、enumerate）
1 for 2 #方法1 3 for key in info: 4 print(key,info[key]) 5 6 #方法2 7 for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大不要用 8 print(k,v) 9 10 enumerate#自动为对象添加序号 11 a={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 12 for i,k in enumerate(a.keys()):#此处有坑，a.keys()每次顺序可能不一样 13 print(i,a[k]) 14 结果： 15 0 22 16 1 IT 17 2 WD
长度（len）
1 msg={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 2 print(len(msg)) 3 结果： 4 3
其他操作（update、setdefault）
1 update#字典更新，若key相同覆盖，key不存在则增加 2 a={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 3 b={"name":"alex","age":33,"city":"beijing"} 4 a.update(b) 5 print(a) 6 结果： 7 {'name': 'alex', 'age': 33, 'city': 'beijing', 'job': 'IT'} 8 9 setdefault#为字典设置默认值，若字典中没有该值，采用默认。 10 a={"name":"WD","age":22,"job":"IT"} 11 a.setdefault("name","alex") 12 print(a) 13 结果： 14 {'name': 'WD', 'job': 'IT', 'age': 22}#为采用默认值
字典中含有的方法：
1 class dict(object): 2 """ 3 dict() -> new empty dictionary 4 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 5 (key, value) pairs 6 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 7 d = {} 8 for k, v in iterable: 9 d[k] = v 10 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 11 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 12 """ 13 14 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 """ 清除内容 """ 16 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ 17 pass 18 19 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 20 """ 浅拷贝 """ 21 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ 22 pass 23 24 @staticmethod # known case 25 def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 26 """ 27 dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. 28 v defaults to None. 29 """ 30 pass 31 32 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 33 """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """ 34 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ 35 pass 36 37 def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 38 """ 是否有key """ 39 """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 40 return False 41 42 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 43 """ 所有项的列表形式 """ 44 """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """ 45 return [] 46 47 def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 48 """ 项可迭代 """ 49 """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """ 50 pass 51 52 def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 53 """ key可迭代 """ 54 """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """ 55 pass 56 57 def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 58 """ value可迭代 """ 59 """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """ 60 pass 61 62 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 63 """ 所有的key列表 """ 64 """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """ 65 return [] 66 67 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 68 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 69 """ 70 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. 71 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised 72 """ 73 pass 74 75 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 76 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 77 """ 78 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 79 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. 80 """ 81 pass 82 83 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 84 """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """ 85 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ 86 pass 87 88 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update 89 """ 更新 90 {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000} 91 [('name','sbsbsb'),] 92 """ 93 """ 94 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. 95 If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] 96 If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v 97 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] 98 """ 99 pass 100 101 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 102 """ 所有的值 """ 103 """ D.values() -> list of D's values """ 104 return [] 105 106 def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 107 """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """ 108 """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """ 109 pass 110 111 def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 112 """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """ 113 pass 114 115 def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 116 """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """ 117 pass 118 119 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 120 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 121 pass 122 123 def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 124 """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 125 return False 126 127 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 128 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ 129 pass 130 131 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 132 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 133 pass 134 135 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 136 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 137 pass 138 139 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 140 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 141 pass 142 143 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 144 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 148 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 149 pass 150 151 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ 152 """ 153 dict() -> new empty dictionary 154 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 155 (key, value) pairs 156 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 157 d = {} 158 for k, v in iterable: 159 d[k] = v 160 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 161 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 162 # (copied from class doc) 163 """ 164 pass 165 166 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 167 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 168 pass 169 170 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 171 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 172 pass 173 174 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 175 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 176 pass 177 178 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 179 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 180 pass 181 182 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 183 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 184 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 185 pass 186 187 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 188 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 189 pass 190 191 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 192 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 193 pass 194 195 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 196 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ 197 pass 198 199 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 200 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ 201 pass 202 203 __hash__ = None 204 205 dict
| 六、集合 |
集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，特性：
- 去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了
- 关系测试，测试两组数据之前的交集、差集、并集等关系
常用操作：
1 s = set([3,5,9,10]) #创建一个数值集合 2 3 t = set("Hello") #创建一个唯一字符的集合 4 5 6 a = t | s # t 和 s的并集 7 8 b = t & s # t 和 s的交集 9 10 c = t – s # 求差集（项在t中，但不在s中） 11 12 d = t ^ s # 对称差集（项在t或s中，但不会同时出现在二者中） 13 14 15 16 基本操作： 17 18 t.add('x') # 添加一项 19 20 s.update([10,37,42]) # 在s中添加多项 21 22 23 24 使用remove()可以删除一项： 25 26 t.remove('H') 27 28 29 len(s) 30 set 的长度 31 32 x in s 33 测试 x 是否是 s 的成员 34 35 x not in s 36 测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员 37 38 s.issubset(t) 39 s <= t 40 测试是否 s 中的每一个元素都在 t 中 41 42 s.issuperset(t) 43 s >= t 44 测试是否 t 中的每一个元素都在 s 中 45 46 s.union(t) 47 s | t 48 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一个元素 49 50 s.intersection(t) 51 s & t 52 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素 53 54 s.difference(t) 55 s - t 56 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中没有的元素 57 58 s.symmetric_difference(t) 59 s ^ t 60 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素 61 62 s.copy() 63 返回 set “s”的一个浅复制
| 七、练习题 |
1.三级菜单
需求：
1. 运行程序输出第一级菜单
2. 选择一级菜单某项，输出二级菜单，同理输出三级菜单
3. 菜单数据保存在文件中
代码：
1 #/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #Author:W-D 4 flag=True 5 menu_list=[]#保存文件中每条菜单信息 6 menu_key=[]#保存一级菜单中的key 7 menu = {}#保存需要用的菜单 8 with open ("menu.txt","r",encoding="utf-8") as f: 9 for line in f: 10 msg=line.strip().split(":")#将文件中的每行按：分割成列表 11 if msg[0] not in menu_key: 12 menu_key.append(msg[0])#将一级菜单中的key追加到列表中 13 menu_list.append(msg)#将文件中每条信息追加到列表中，用于后续处理 14 for city in menu_key:#外层循环城市 15 menu3 = {}#这个是个坑！！每次循环完结果出来以后，需要将第是三级菜单清空，会影响下一个城市所生成的字典 16 for each in menu_list:# 17 if city==each[0]: 18 key,value=each[1].split(" ")[0],each[1].split(" ")[1:]#生成三级菜单的key和value 19 menu3[key]=value#同上 20 menu[city]=menu3#同上 21 while flag: 22 for i in menu: 23 print(i) 24 choice=input("请输入您的选择（q退出）：") 25 if choice in menu: 26 while flag: 27 for i1 in menu[choice]: 28 print(i1) 29 choice1 = input("请输入您的选择（q退出，b返回）：") 30 if choice1 in menu[choice]: 31 while flag: 32 for i2 in menu[choice][choice1]: 33 print(i2) 34 choice2 = input("请输入您的选择（q退出，b返回）：") 35 if choice2 == 'q': 36 flag = False 37 break 38 elif choice2 == 'b': 39 break 40 else: 41 print("已经到底了！") 42 elif choice1=='q': 43 flag=False 44 break 45 elif choice1=='b': 46 break 47 if choice=='q': 48 flag=False 49 break
菜单文件：
1 北京市:昌平 A公司 B公司 C公司, 2 北京市:回龙观 E公司 F公司 G公司 3 上海市:浦东 H公司 I公司 J公司 4 上海市:虹桥 U公司 V公司 W公司 5 成都市:金牛区 O公司 P公司 Q公司 6 成都市:高新区 X公司 Y公司 Z公司
大王的无敌方法：
1 menu = { 2 '北京':{ 3 '海淀':{ 4 '五道口':{ 5 'soho':{}, 6 '网易':{}, 7 'google':{} 8 }, 9 '中关村':{ 10 '爱奇艺':{}, 11 '汽车之家':{}, 12 'youku':{}, 13 }, 14 '上地':{ 15 '百度':{}, 16 }, 17 }, 18 '昌平':{ 19 '沙河':{ 20 '老男孩':{}, 21 '北航':{}, 22 }, 23 '天通苑':{}, 24 '回龙观':{}, 25 }, 26 '朝阳':{}, 27 '东城':{}, 28 }, 29 '上海':{ 30 '闵行':{ 31 "人民广场":{ 32 '炸鸡店':{} 33 } 34 }, 35 '闸北':{ 36 '火车战':{ 37 '携程':{} 38 } 39 }, 40 '浦东':{}, 41 }, 42 '山东':{}, 43 } 44 45 46 exit_flag = False 47 current_layer = menu 48 49 layers = [menu] 50 51 while not exit_flag: 52 for k in current_layer: 53 print(k) 54 choice = input(">>:").strip() 55 if choice == "b": 56 current_layer = layers[-1] 57 #print("change to laster", current_layer) 58 layers.pop() 59 elif choice not in current_layer:continue 60 else: 61 layers.append(current_layer) 62 current_layer = current_layer[choice]