day3-基础 列表,元组,字典,模块


1.列表

列表是我们最以后最常用的数据类型之一,通过列表可以对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操作

定义列表

 1 Country = ['China','England','America'] 

通过下标访问列表中的元素,下标从0开始计数

1 print(Country[0])
2 >>>'China'
3 print(Country[1])
4 >>>'England'
5 print(Country[2])
6 >>>'America'

同时取多个元素(切片)

 1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
 2 print(Country[0:3])       #取下标0-3的值,包括0,不包括3
 3 >>>'China','England','America'
 4 print(Country[0:-1])       #取小标0--1的值,-1是倒数第一个
 5 >>> ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand']
 6 print(Country[0:4])            
 7 >>> ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand']
 8 print(Country[:4])        #从头开始取,同上
 9 >>> ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand']
10 print(len(Country))       #查询一共有多少个值
11 >>>5
12 print(len(Country)-1)      #取最后一个下标
13 >>>4
14 print(Country[::2])       #2是条件。每隔两个取一次值
15 >>>['China', 'America', 'Germany']
16 print(Country[0::2])      #从头开始取,同上
17 >>>['China', 'America', 'Germany']

追加:

1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 Country.append('France')      #输入所要追加的,每次只能一个,追加到最后
5 print(Country )
6 >>> ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany', 'France']

插入:

1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 Country.insert(2,'Thailand')        #2代表要插入的位置的下标
5 print(Country)
6 >>> ['China', 'England', 'Thailand', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']

修改:

1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>> ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 Country[1] = 'Russia'      #选择要修改的位置,赋值
5 print(Country)
6 >>> ['China', 'Russia', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']

删除:

 1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
 2 print(Country)
 3 >>>['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
 4 del Country[1]           #选择要删除的下标
 5 print(Country)
 6 >>>['China', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
 7 Country.remove('America')     #删除制定值
 8 print(Country)
 9 ['China', 'England', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
10 Country.pop()            #删除最后一个
11 print(Country)
12 ['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand']

扩展:

1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 A = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
5 Country.extend(A)
6 print(Country)
7 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

拷贝:

1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 Country_copy = Country
5 print(Country_copy)
6 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']

统计:

1 Country = ['China','China','China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany']
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'China', 'China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany']
4 print(Country.count('China'))   #选择要统计的数据
5 >>>3

排序&翻转:

 1 Country = ['China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany',1]
 2 print(Country)
 3 >>>['China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany', 1]
 4 Country.sort()
 5 >>>Traceback (most recent call last):
 6                             File "list.py", line 11, in <module>
 7        TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'    #不是同一数据类型会报错
 8 Country[-1] = '1'
 9 Country.sort()
10 print(Country)
11 ['1', 'America', 'China', 'England', 'Germany', 'New Zealand']
12 Country.reverse()     #反转
13 print(Country)
14 >>> ['New Zealand', 'Germany', 'England', 'China', 'America', '1']

获取下标:

1 Country = ['China','China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany',1]
2 print(Country)
3 >>>['China', 'China', 'England', 'America', 'New Zealand', 'Germany', 1]
4 print(Country.index('China'))        #选择所要获取的值
5 >>>0        #返回第一个所遇到的值的下标        

2.元组

元组其实跟列表差不多,也是存一组数,只不是它一旦创建,便不能再修改,所以又叫只读列表

语法

1 Country = ('China','China','England','America','New Zealand','Germany',1)

它只有2个方法,一个是count,一个是index,完毕。  

 3.字典

字典一种key - value 的数据类型,使用就像我们上学用的字典,通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。

1 info = {
2     '1':'faker',
3     '2':'dopa',    
4     '3':'xiaohu',
5     '4':'uzi',
6 }

字典的特性:

  • dict是无序的
  • key必须是唯一的,so 天生去重

增加:

1 info['5'] = ‘godv’
2 print(info)
3 >>>{'1': 'faker', '2': 'dopa', '3': 'xiaohu', '4': 'uzi', '5': 'godv'}

 修改:

1 info['2'] = 'white'       #指定索引,输入所要修改的
2 print(info)
3 >>>{'1': 'faker', '2': 'white', '3': 'xiaohu', '4': 'uzi', '5': 'godv'}        

删除:

1 del info['2']
2 print(info)
3 >>>{'1': 'faker', '3': 'xiaohu', '4': 'uzi', '5': 'godv'}
4 info.pop['3']
5 print(info)
6 >>>{'1': 'faker', '2': 'white', '4': 'uzi', '5': 'godv'}
7 info.popitem()  #随机删一个

查找:

 1 info = {
 2     '1':'faker',
 3     '2':'dopa',
 4     '3':'xiaohu',
 5     '4':'uzi',
 6 }
 7 print(info['1'])
 8 >>>faker
 9 print(info.get('1'))      #有就返回,没有就None
10 >>>faker

多级操作:

 1 LOL = {
 2     'LCK':{
 3         'SKT':['Huni','Blank','Faker','Bang','Wolf'],
 4         'Samsung':['Semb','Dandy','Crown','Proy','Madlife'],
 5         'KT':['Impact','Kakao','Pown','Deft','Mata']
 6     },
 7     'LPL':{
 8         'RNG':['Letme','Mlxg','Xiaohu','Uzi','Ming'],
 9         'EDG':['Mouse','Clearlove7','Souct','Iboy','Mikeo'],
10         'WE':['957','Condi','Xiye','Mysitc','Zero']
11     },
12     'LCS':{
13         'TSM':['Svenskeren','Bjergsen','WildTurtle','Biofrost','Yellowstar'],
14         'FNC':['Soaz','Reignover','Reignover','Steelback','Yellowstar'],
15         'AHQ':['ZIV','Mountain','Westdoor','AN','Albis']
16     },
17 }
18 LOL['LCK']['SKT'][0] = 'QWE'   #修改
19 print(LOL['LCK']['SKT'])
20 >>>['QWE', 'Blank', 'Faker', 'Bang', 'Wolf']
View Code

其它:

 1 LOL = {
 2     'LPL':{
 3         'RNG':{},
 4         'EDG':{},
 5         'We':{},
 6     },
 7     'LCK':{
 8         'SKT':{},
 9         'Samsung':{},
10         'KT':{},
11     },
12     'LCS':{
13         'FNC':{},
14         'TSM':{},
15         'G2':{},
16     }
17 }
18 
19 #values
20 print(LOL.values())
21 >>>dict_values([{'RNG': {}, 'EDG': {}, 'We': {}}, {'SKT': {}, 'Samsung': {}, 'KT': {}}, {'FNC': {}, 'TSM':{},'G2':{}}
22 
23 #keys
24 print(LOL.keys())
25 >>>dict_keys(['LPL', 'LCK', 'LCS'])
26 
27 
28 #setdefault
29 print(LOL.setdefault('LPL','LCK'))
30 >>>{'RNG': {}, 'EDG': {}, 'We': {}}
31 
32 #update
33 A = {1:2,3:4,'LCS':'AHQ'}
34 LOL.update(A)
35 print (LOL)
36 >>>{'LPL': {'RNG': {}, 'EDG': {}, 'We': {}}, 'LCK': {'SKT': {}, 'Samsung': {}, 'KT': {}}, 'LCS': 'AHQ', 1: 2, 3: 4}
37 
38 #items
39 print (LOL.items())
40 >>>dict_items([('LPL', {'RNG': {}, 'EDG': {}, 'We': {}}), ('LCK', {'SKT': {}, 'Samsung': {}, 'KT': {}}), ('LCS', {'FNC': {}, 'TSM': {}, 'G2': {}})])
41 
42 #通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑,少这个
43 print(dict.fromkeys([1,2,3,4],'faker'))
44 >>>{1: 'faker', 2: 'faker', 3: 'faker', 4: 'faker'}
45 
46 #循环字典
47 1
48 for LOL_list in LOL:
49     print(LOL_list)
50 >>> LPL
51         LCK
52         LCS
53 2
54 for LOL_list,LOL_lis2 in LOL.items():
55     print(LOL_list,LOL_lis2)
56 LPL {'RNG': {}, 'EDG': {}, 'We': {}}
57 LCK {'SKT': {}, 'Samsung': {}, 'KT': {}}
58 LCS {'FNC': {}, 'TSM': {}, 'G2': {}}
View Code

4.模块

Python的强大之处在于他有非常丰富和强大的标准库和第三方库,几乎你想实现的任何功能都有相应的Python库支持,以后的课程中会深入讲解常用到的各种库,现在,我们先来象征性的学2个简单的。

sys:

1 import sys
2 print(sys.argv)
3 
4 python.exe  import.py hello world
5 >>>['/usr/local/import,py','hello','world']   #把执行脚本时传递的参数获取到了

os:

1 import os
2 os.system('mkdir 123')
3 #调用系统命令
4 #在win上也适用

两者结合:

 1 import os,sys 2 3 os.system(''.join(sys.argv[1:])) #把用户的输入的参数当作一条命令交给os.system来执行 

自己写个模块:

python tab补全模块

1 import sys
2 import readline
3 import rlcompleter
4    
5 if sys.platform == 'darwin' and sys.version_info[0] == 2:
6     readline.parse_and_bind("bind ^I rl_complete")
7 else:
8     readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")  # linux and python3 on mac
for mac
 1 import sys
 2 import readline
 3 import rlcompleter
 4 import atexit
 5 import os
 6 # tab completion 
 7 readline.parse_and_bind('tab: complete')
 8 # history file 
 9 histfile = os.path.join(os.environ['HOME'], '.pythonhistory')
10 try:
11     readline.read_history_file(histfile)
12 except IOError:
13     pass
14 atexit.register(readline.write_history_file, histfile)
15 del os, histfile, readline, rlcompleter
for linux

你会发现,上面自己写的tab.py模块只能在当前目录下导入,如果想在系统的何何一个地方都使用怎么办呢? 此时你就要把这个tab.py放到python全局环境变量目录里啦,基本一般都放在一个叫 Python/2.7/site-packages 目录下,这个目录在不同的OS里放的位置不一样,用 print(sys.path) 可以查看python环境变量列表。


原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wazy/p/7737996.html