C++多线程

多线是多任务处理的一种特殊方式,多任务处理允许让电脑同事运行两个或两个以上的程序,一般情况下,两种类型的多任务处理:基于进程和基于线程。

基于进程的多任务处理是程序的并发执行。

基于线程的多任务处理是同一程序的片段的并发执行。

多线程程序包含可以同时运行的两个或多个部分。这样的程序中的每个部分称为一个线程,每个线程定义了一个单独的执行路径。

创建线程:

下面的程序,可以用来创建一个POSIX线程:

#include<pthread.h>
pthread_create(thread,attr,start_routine,arg);

在这里pthread_create创建一个新的线程,并让它可执行,下面是关于参数的说明:

参数

描述

thread

指向线程标识符指针

attr

一个不透明的属性对象,可以用来设置线程属性。可以指定线程属性对象,也可以使用默认值NULL

start_routine

线程运行函数的起始地址,一旦线程被创建就会被执行

arg

运行函数的参数,他必须通过把引用作为指针强制转化成void类型传递。如果没有传递参数,则使用NULL

创建线程成功,函数返回0,反之,创建失败。

终止线程:

#include<pthread.h>

pthread_exit(status)

在这里,pthread_exit用于显式地退出一个线程通常情况下,pthread_exit()函数在线程完成工作后无须继续存在时被调用。

如果mian()是在它所创建地线程结束之前结束,并通过pthread_exit()退出,那么其他线程将继续执行。否则,他们将在main()结束时自动被终止。

实例:

/***
pthread.cpp
***/
#include<iostream>
#include<pthread.h>

using namespace std;

#define NUM_THREADS 5

void* say_hello(void* args)
{
    cout << "Hello Runoob" << endl;
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i)
    {
        int ret = pthread_create(&tids[i],NULL,say_hello,NULL);
        if(0 != ret)
        {
            cout << "pthread_create error : error_code = " << ret << endl;
        }
    }

    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

运行结果:

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ pthread.cpp -o pthread -lpthread

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./pthread

Hello Runoob

Hello Runoob

Hello Runoob

Hello Runoob

Hello Runoob

以下简单实例使用pthread_create()函数创建五个函数,并接受传入地参数。每个进程打印一个“Hello Runoob” 的 消息。并输出接受的消息,然后调用pthread_exit()终止线程。

/***
create.cpp
***/
#include<iostream>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<cstdlib>

using namespace std;

#define NUM_THREADS 5

void* say_hello(void* threadid)
{
    int tid = *((int*)threadid);
    cout << "Hello Runoob! thread ID " << tid << endl;
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main()
{
    pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
    int indexes[NUM_THREADS];
    int rc;
    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i)
    {
        cout << "main thread : " << i << endl;
        indexes[i] = i ;
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,say_hello,(void*)&(indexes[i]));
        if(rc)
        {
            cout << "pthread_create error : error_code = " << rc << endl;
            exit(-1);
        }
    }

    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

运行结果:

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ create.cpp -o create -lpthread

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./create

main thread : 0

main thread : 1

main thread : 2

main thread : 3

main thread : 4

Hello Runoob! thread ID 4

Hello Runoob! thread ID 3

Hello Runoob! thread ID 2

Hello Runoob! thread ID 1

Hello Runoob! thread ID 0

向线程传递参数

该实例演示了如果通过结构体传递多个参数,可以在线程回调中传递任意的数据类型,因为它指向void。

/***
param.cpp
***/
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<pthread.h>

using namespace std;

#define NUM_THREADS 5

struct thread_data
{
    int thread_id;
    char* message;
};

void *PrintHello(void* threadarg)
{
    struct thread_data *my_data;

    my_data = (struct thread_data *)threadarg;

    cout << "Thread ID :" << my_data->thread_id;
    cout << " Message : " << my_data->message << endl;

    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main()
{
    pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
    struct thread_data td[NUM_THREADS];
    int rc;
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
    {
        cout << "main() : create thread ," <<  i << endl;
        td[i].thread_id = i;
        td[i].message = (char*) "This is message";
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,PrintHello,(void*)&td[i]);
        if(rc)
        {
            cout << "Error : unable to create thread," << rc << endl;
            exit(-1);
        }
    }
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

运行结果:

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ param.cpp -o param -lpthread

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./param

main() : create thread ,0

main() : create thread ,1

main() : create thread ,2

main() : create thread ,3

main() : create thread ,4

Thread ID :4 Message : This is message

Thread ID :3 Message : This is message

Thread ID :2 Message : This is message

Thread ID :1 Message : This is message

Thread ID :0 Message : This is message

连接和分离线程:

我们可以使用下面两个函数来链接和分离线程:

pthread_join (thread,status);
pthread_detach(threaded);

pthread_join()子程序阻碍调用程序,直到指定的threadid线程终止为止,当创建一个线程时,他的某个属性会定义它是否是可连接的(jionable)或可分离的(detached)。只有创建时定义为可连接的线程才可以被连接。如果线程创建时被定义为不可分离的,那它永远也不能被连接。

/***
detached.cpp
***/
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<unistd.h>

using namespace std;

#define NUM_THREADS 5

void* wait(void *t)
{
    int i;
    long tid;
    tid = (long)t;

    sleep(1);
    cout << "Sleeping in thread" << endl;
    cout << "Thread with id : " << tid << " .... exiting" << endl;
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main()
{
    int rc;
    
    pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    void* status;

    pthread_attr_init(&attr);

    pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr,PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);

    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
    {
        cout << "main() : createing thread, " << i << endl;
        rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,wait,(void*)&i);
        if(rc)
        {
            cout << "Error : unbale to create thread," << rc << endl;
            exit(-1);
        }
    }

    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++)
    {
        rc = pthread_join(threads[i],&status);
        if(rc)
        {
            cout << "Error:unable to join," << rc << endl;
            exit(-1);
        }
        cout << "Main:completed thread id : " << i;
        cout << "  exiting with status : " <<status << endl;
    }

    cout << "Main : program exiting." << endl;
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

运行结果:

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ detached.cpp -o detached -lpthread

exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./detached

main() : createing thread, 0

main() : createing thread, 1

main() : createing thread, 2

main() : createing thread, 3

main() : createing thread, 4

Sleeping in thread

Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting

Sleeping in thread

Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting

Sleeping in thread

Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting

Sleeping in thread

Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting

Sleeping in thread

Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting

Main:completed thread id : 0  exiting with status : 0

Main:completed thread id : 1  exiting with status : 0

Main:completed thread id : 2  exiting with status : 0

Main:completed thread id : 3  exiting with status : 0

Main:completed thread id : 4  exiting with status : 0

Main : program exiting.

要注意内存泄露问题。

如果设置为 PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE,就继续用 pthread_join() 来等待和释放资源,否则会内存泄露。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wanghao-boke/p/11365256.html