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package com.example.errorcodedemo;

import org.springframework.dao.DuplicateKeyException;

public class CustomDuplicatedKeyException extends DuplicateKeyException {
    public CustomDuplicatedKeyException(String msg) {
        super(msg);
    }

    public CustomDuplicatedKeyException(String msg, Throwable cause) {
        super(msg, cause);
    }
}

package com.example.errorcodedemo;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

/**
 * 自定义错误码(h2)
 * 详见Tests
 */
@SpringBootApplication
public class ErrorcodeDemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ErrorcodeDemoApplication.class, args);
    }

}

CREATE TABLE FOO (ID INT IDENTITY, BAR VARCHAR(64));

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN 2.0//EN" "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans-2.0.dtd">

<beans>

    <bean id="H2" class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodes">
        <property name="badSqlGrammarCodes">
            <value>42000,42001,42101,42102,42111,42112,42121,42122,42132</value>
        </property>
        <property name="duplicateKeyCodes">
            <value>23001,23505</value>
        </property>
        <property name="dataIntegrityViolationCodes">
            <value>22001,22003,22012,22018,22025,23000,23002,23003,23502,23503,23506,23507,23513</value>
        </property>
        <property name="dataAccessResourceFailureCodes">
            <value>90046,90100,90117,90121,90126</value>
        </property>
        <property name="cannotAcquireLockCodes">
            <value>50200</value>
        </property>
        <property name="customTranslations">
            <bean class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.CustomSQLErrorCodesTranslation">
                <property name="errorCodes" value="23001,23505" />
                <property name="exceptionClass"
                          value="com.example.errorcodedemo.CustomDuplicatedKeyException" />
            </bean>
        </property>
    </bean>

</beans>