数据库的查——select的基本使用

--创建学生表

create table students (
    id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(20) default '',
    age tinyint unsigned default 0,
    high decimal(5,2),
    gender enum('男', '女', '中性', '保密') default '保密',
    cls_id int unsigned default 0,
    is_delete bit default 0
);

--往students表里插入数据

insert into students values
(0,'小明',18,180.00,1,1,0),
(0,'小月月',19,180.00,1,2,0),
(0,'彭于晏',28,185.00,1,1,0),
(0,'刘德华',58,175.00,1,2,0),
(0,'黄蓉',108,160.00,2,1,0),
(0,'凤姐',44,150.00,4,2,1),
(0,'王祖贤',52,170.00,2,1,1),
(0,'周杰伦儿',34,null,1,1,0),
(0,'程坤',44,181.00,1,2,0),
(0,'和珅',55,166.00,1,2,0),
(0,'刘亦菲',29,162.00,2,3,0),
(0,'金星',45,180.00,3,4,0),
(0,'静香',18,170.00,2,4,0),
(0,'郭靖',22,167.00,1,5,0),
(0,'周杰',33,178.00,1,1,0),
(0,'钱小豪',56,178.00,1,1,0),
(0,'谢霆锋',38,175.00,1,1,0),
(0,'陈冠希',38,175.00,1,1,0);  

简单查询:

-- 查询所有列
  --select * from 表名

select * from students;

--一定条件查询(where)

select * from where id=5;

-- 查询制定列

select id_name from students;

-- 使用as给字段起别名

select id_name as '别名(alias)'
select name as '姓名', age as '年龄', high, gender from students;

-- 通过表名字段查询
  select 库名/表字段/* from students;

select * from students;
select students.* from students;
eg: mysql
> select test.students.* from test.students;

-- 给表起别名查询

select s.id,s.name,s.age from students as s;

--消除重复行
  -- distinct

select distinct age from students;

条件查询

--比较运算符
  -- 查询年纪大于18岁的信息

select * from students where age > 18;

 

 --18岁到28岁之间(and)

select * from students where age >= 18 and age =< 28;
select * from students where age >= 18 || age =< 28;(有时会报错)
select * from students where age between 18 and 28

 

 --在18岁以上或者身高180以上的人(or)

select * from students where age > 18 or high > 180; 

  -- 查询年纪等于18岁和年纪等于28的人

select * from students where age=18 or age=28; 

模糊查询:

-- like
  % 替代1个或者多个甚至是没有

  -- 查询姓名中有‘小’的所有名字

select * from students where name like '%小%';

 

 -- 查询两个字人的名字

select * from students where name like '_ _';(_代表一个字符)

 

 -- 查询至少有2个字的名字

select * from students where name like '%_ _%';

范围查询

-- in (1,3,8)表示在一个非连续的范围内

  -- 查询 年纪为18和34的人

select * from students where age in (18, 34);
select * from students where age=18 or age=34;

  

-- 查询 年纪不包含18和34的人(取反)

select * from students where age not in (18, 34);

  --查询 年龄在17岁到34岁之间的信息

select * from students where age between 17 and 34;

  

--查询 年纪不在18到34岁的信息

select * from students where age not between 17 and 34;  

空判断

-- 判断is null

  -- 查询身高为空的信息

select * from students where high is null;

 

 -- 判断非空is not null

select * from students where high is not null;

排序

-- order by 字段(eg:name、age、id)
-- asc 从小到大排列,即升序(不写默认为asc)
-- desc 从大到小排序,即降序

  -- 查询年纪在18到34岁之间的男性,按照年纪从小到大

select * from students where gender=1 and age between 18 and 34 order by age; 

  

-- 查询年纪在18到34岁之间的女性,身高从高到矮

select * from students where gender=2 and age between 18 and 34 order by high desc;

-- order by 多字段
  -- 查询年纪在18到34岁的女性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年纪从小到大排序

select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender=2 order by high desc;

  -- 按照年纪、身高排序(如果年纪相同的情况下按照身高从小到大排序)

select * from students where order by age,high asc;

  -- 查询年纪在18到34岁的男性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年纪从小到大排序,

    如果年龄也相等那么按照id从小到大排序;

select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender=1 order by high desc, age, id desc;

聚合函数

-- 总数
-- count
  -- 查询有多少人

select count(name/age/high) from students; 

  (统计当前字段,如果要统计的数据为null(空),会出现统计错误,所以一般用*)

 

 -- 查询有多少人(并且显示中文)

select count(*) as '总人数' from students; 

 

 -- 查询男性有多少人

select count(*) from students where gender=1;  


-- 最大值max
  -- 查询最大的年纪

select max(age) from students; 

  -- 查询女性的最高 身高

select max(high) from students where gender=2;

-- 最小值min
  -- 查询最高的人

select min(high) from students;

-- 求和sum
  -- 计算所有人的年龄总和

select sum(age) from students;

-- 平均值avg
  -- 计算平均年纪
  -- 计算平均年纪 sum(age)/count(*)

select sum(age)/count(*) from students;
select avg(age) from students;

 

 -- 保留2位小数

select round(avg(age),2) from students;

分组(分组的优先级最高,一条语句中先分组)

-- group by
  -- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别

select gender from students group by gender; 

 

 -- 计算每组性别的人数

select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;

  

--group_concat(函数,和group by配合使用)
  -- 查询性别组中的男女平均年龄及姓名

select gender,group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender; 

  

-- having
  -- 查询每个性别平均年纪超过30岁的性别,以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30

select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30;

 

 -- 查询每种性别中的人数多于4个的组的信息

select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>4;

  

分页

  -- 显示5页

select * from students limit 5;

 

 -- 查询年纪最大的人名(先按照年纪排序,再分页)

select * from students order by age desc limit 1;

  

 

 

 -- 分页显示,每页显示2条数据

select * from students limit 0,2;

  

 

 -- 按照身高从高到矮排序,查找出所有女性,并且分页显示,每页显示2条数据

select * from students where gender=2 order by high desc limit 0,2;
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/twoo/p/11830067.html