报错详细：
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(ZLjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)V at org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.set(Configuration.java:1357) at org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.set(Configuration.java:1338) at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.setJar(JobConf.java:536) at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.setJarByClass(JobConf.java:554) at org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf.<init>(JobConf.java:448) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf.initialize(HiveConf.java:5141) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf.<init>(HiveConf.java:5099) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.common.LogUtils.initHiveLog4jCommon(LogUtils.java:97) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.common.LogUtils.initHiveLog4j(LogUtils.java:81) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.cli.CliDriver.run(CliDriver.java:699) at org.apache.hadoop.hive.cli.CliDriver.main(CliDriver.java:683) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483) at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.run(RunJar.java:323) at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.main(RunJar.java:236)
错误原因：系统找不到这个类所在的jar包或者jar包的版本不一样系统不知道使用哪个。hive启动报错的原因是后者
解决办法：
1、com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument这个类所在的jar包为：guava.jar
2、hadoop-3.2.1（路径：hadoopsharehadoopcommonlib）中该jar包为 guava-27.0-jre.jar；而hive-3.1.2(路径：hive/lib)中该jar包为guava-19.0.1.jar
3、将jar包变成一致的版本：删除hive中低版本jar包，将hadoop中高版本的复制到hive的lib中。
再次启动问题得到解决！
参考原文：