LINQ查询表达式详解(2)——查询表达式的转换

简介

  C#在执行LINQ查询表达式的时候,并不会指定其执行语义,而是将查询表达式转换为遵循查询表达式模式的方法的调用。具体而言,查询表达式将转换为以下名称的调用:Where、Select、SelectMany、Join、GroupJoin、OrderBy、OrderByDescending、ThenBy、ThenByDescending、GroupBy、Cast等等。 
  如同在前文中提到的用扩展方法和Lambda表达式简化LINQ查询表达式一般,这也是对查询表达式的一种转换。简化后的方法其实就是LINQ查询的实际执行。 
  本文中用来示例的代码,参数设定都沿用上一篇文章的设定。

转换规则简述

  从查询表达式到方法调用的转换是一种句法映射,在执行任何类型绑定或重载决策之前发生。该转换可以保证在句法上正确,但不能保证生成语法正确的 C# 代码。转换查询表达式后,以常规方法调用的方式处理生成的方法调用,而这进而可能暴露错误,例如在方法不存在、参数类型错误或方法为泛型方法且类型推断失败这些情况下。 
  不允许对查询表达式中的范围变量进行赋值。但允许 C# 实现在某些时候以不实施此限制,因为对于此处介绍的句法转换方案,有些时候可能根本无法实施此限制。 
  某些转换使用由 * 指示的透明标识符注入范围变量。

转换规则讲解

带继续符的select和groupby子句的查询表达式的转换

  继续符是指 into 操作符,带有继续符的查询表达式类似如下: 
   from ···into x ··· 
   转换为 
   from x in (from ···) ··· 
   示例:

from c in customers
    group c by c.Country into g
select new { Country=c.Country , Customer = g.Count()}

   转换为

from g in
from c in customers
group c by c.Country
select new { Country = g.Key, CustCount = g.Count() }

   最终转换为 

customers.
GroupBy(c => c.Country).
Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, CustCount = g.Count() })

含有显式范围变量类型的查询表达式的转换

   显式指定范围变量类型的 from 子句 
   from T x in e 
   转换为 
   from x in (e).Cast<T>()

   显式指定范围变量类型的 join 子句 
   join T x in e on k1 equals k2 
   转换为 
   join x in (e).Cast<T>()

   示例: 

from Customer in customers
where c.City == "London"
select c

   转换为

from c in customers.Cast<Customer>()
where c.City == "London"
select c

   最终转换为

customers.Cast<Customer>().Where(c=>c.City=="London")

   显式范围变量类型对于查询实现非泛型 IEnumerable 接口的集合很有用,但对于实现泛型IEnumerable 接口的集合没什么用处。如果 customers 属于 ArrayList 类型,则在面的示例中即会如此。 

退化查询表达式的转换

   退化查询表达式,是指选择源元素本身的查询,如:

from c in customers
select c

  确保查询表达式的结果永不为源对象本身非常重要,因为这样会向查询的客户端暴露源的类型和标识符。因此,在查询表达式为退化查询的时候,可通过在源上显式调用 Select 来保护直接以源代码形式写入的简并查询。然后,由 Select 实施者及其他查询操作员确保这些方法永远不会返回源对象本身。

  退化查询表达式如下: 
  from x in e select x 
  转换为 
  (e).Select(x=>x) 
  示例:

from c in customers
select c

  转换为

customers.Select(c => c)

from、 let、 where、 join 和 orderby 子句的转换

转换规则

  带有另一个 from 子句且后接一个 select 子句的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  from x2 in e2 
  select v 
  转换为 
  (e1).SelectMany( x1 => e2 , ( x1 , x2 ) => v )

  带有另一个 from 子句且后接一个 select 子句的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  from x2 in e2 
  ··· 
  转换为 
  from * in (e1).SelectMany( x1 => e2 , ( x1 , x2 ) => new { x1 , x2 })

  带有 let 子句的查询表达式 
  from x in e 
  let y=f 
  转换为 
  from * in (e).Select( x => new { x , y = f })

  带有 where 子句的查询表达式 
  from x in e 
  where f 
  ··· 
  转换为 
  from x in (e).Where( x => f )

  带有 join 子句(不含 into)且后接 select 子句的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 
  select v 
  转换为 
  ( e1 ) . Join( e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , x2 ) => v )

  带有 join 子句(不含 into)且后接除 select 子句之外的其他内容的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 
   
  转换为 
  from * in ( e1 ) . Join( 
  e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , x2 ) => new { x1 , x2 }) 
  

  带有 join 子句(含 into)且后接 select 子句的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 into g 
  select v 
  转换为 
  ( e1 ) . GroupJoin( e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , g ) => v ) 
   
  带有 join 子句(含 into)且后接除 select 子句之外的其他内容的查询表达式 
  from x1 in e1 
  join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 into g 
   
  转换为 
  from * in ( e1 ) . GroupJoin( 
  e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , g ) => new { x1 , g }) 
  

  带有 orderby 子句的查询表达式 
  from x in e 
  orderby k1 , k2 , … , kn 
   
  转换为 
  from x in ( e ) . 
  OrderBy ( x => k1 ) . 
  ThenBy ( x => k2 ). 
  … . 
  ThenBy ( x => kn ) 
   
  如果排序子句指定 descending 方向指示器,则将改为生成对 OrderByDescending 或 
ThenByDescending 的调用。

转换规则实例演示

  我们假定,在下面的每个查询表达式中没有 let、 where、 join 或 orderby 子句,并且最多只有一个初始 from 子句。 
   
  示例1:

  from c in customers
  from o in c.Orders
  select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

  转换为

customers.
SelectMany(c => c.Orders,(c,o) => new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total })

  示例2:  

from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

  转换为

from * in customers.SelectMany(c => c.Orders, (c,o) => new { c, o })
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

  最终转换为

customers.SelectMany(c => c.Orders, (c,o) => new { c, o }).OrderByDescending(x => x.o.Total).Select(x => new { x.c.Name, x.o.OrderID, x.o.Total })

  其中 x 是编译器生成的以其他方式不可见且不可访问的标识符。

  示例3:

from o in orders
let t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity)
where t >= 1000
select new { o.OrderID, Total = t }

  转换为

1 from * in orders.
2 Select(o => new { o, t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity) })
3 where t >= 1000
4 select new { o.OrderID, Total = t }

  最终转换为

orders.Select(o => new { o, t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity) }).Where(x => x.t >= 1000).Select(x => new { x.o.OrderID, Total = x.t })

  其中 x 是编译器生成的以其他方式不可见且不可访问的标识符。

  示例4:

from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID
select new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, o.Total }

  转换为

customers.Join(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,(c, o) => new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, o.Total })

  示例5:

from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into co
let n = co.Count()
where n >= 10
select new { c.Name, OrderCount = n }

  转换为

from * in customers.GroupJoin(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,
(c, co) => new { c, co })
let n = co.Count()
where n >= 10
select new { c.Name, OrderCount = n }

  最终转换为

customers.GroupJoin(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,(c, co) => new { c, co }).Select(x => new { x, n = x.co.Count() }).Where(y => y.n >= 10).Select(y => new { y.x.c.Name, OrderCount = y.n)

  其中 x 和 y 是编译器生成的以其他方式不可见且不可访问的标识符。 
   
  示例6:

from o in orders
orderby o.Customer.Name, o.Total descending
select o

  转换为 

 orders.OrderBy(o => o.Customer.Name).ThenByDescending(o => o.Total) 

select 子句的转换

  from x in e select v 
  转换为 
  ( e ) . Select ( x => v ) 
  当 v 为标识符 x 时,转换仅为 
  ( e ) 
  

Groupby 子句的转换

  from x in e group v by k 
  转换为 
  ( e ) . GroupBy ( x => k , x => v ) 
  当 v 为标识符 x 时,转换为 
  ( e ) . GroupBy ( x => k )

转载来源:http://blog.csdn.net/honantic/article/details/46490995

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/swfpt/p/6847246.html