java多线程基本概述(二十四)——Semaphore

正常的锁在任何时刻都只允许一个任务访问一项资源,而计数信号量允许n个任务同时访问这个资源。

一个计数信号量。从概念上讲,信号量维护了一个许可集。如有必要,在许可可用前会阻塞每一个 acquire(),然后再获取该许可。每个 release() 添加一个许可,从而可能释放一个正在阻塞的获取者。但是,不使用实际的许可对象,Semaphore 只对可用许可的号码进行计数,并采取相应的行动。

Semaphore 通常用于限制可以访问某些资源(物理或逻辑的)的线程数目。例如,下面的类使用信号量控制对内容池的访问:

 class Pool {
   private static final int MAX_AVAILABLE = 100;
   private final Semaphore available = new Semaphore(MAX_AVAILABLE, true);

   public Object getItem() throws InterruptedException {
     available.acquire();
     return getNextAvailableItem();
   }

   public void putItem(Object x) {
     if (markAsUnused(x))
       available.release();
   }

   // Not a particularly efficient data structure; just for demo

   protected Object[] items = ... whatever kinds of items being managed
   protected boolean[] used = new boolean[MAX_AVAILABLE];

   protected synchronized Object getNextAvailableItem() {
     for (int i = 0; i < MAX_AVAILABLE; ++i) {
       if (!used[i]) {
          used[i] = true;
          return items[i];
       }
     }
     return null; // not reached
   }

   protected synchronized boolean markAsUnused(Object item) {
     for (int i = 0; i < MAX_AVAILABLE; ++i) {
       if (item == items[i]) {
          if (used[i]) {
            used[i] = false;
            return true;
          } else
            return false;
       }
     }
     return false;
   }

 }
 

获得一项前,每个线程必须从信号量获取许可,从而保证可以使用该项。该线程结束后,将项返回到池中并将许可返回到该信号量,从而允许其他线程获取该项。注意,调用 acquire() 时无法保持同步锁,因为这会阻止将项返回到池中。信号量封装所需的同步,以限制对池的访问,这同维持该池本身一致性所需的同步是分开的。

将信号量初始化为 1,使得它在使用时最多只有一个可用的许可,从而可用作一个相互排斥的锁。这通常也称为二进制信号量,因为它只能有两种状态:一个可用的许可,或零个可用的许可。按此方式使用时,二进制信号量具有某种属性(与很多 Lock 实现不同),即可以由线程释放“锁”,而不是由所有者(因为信号量没有所有权的概念)。在某些专门的上下文(如死锁恢复)中这会很有用。

此类的构造方法可选地接受一个公平 参数。当设置为 false 时,此类不对线程获取许可的顺序做任何保证。特别地,闯入 是允许的,也就是说可以在已经等待的线程前为调用 acquire() 的线程分配一个许可,从逻辑上说,就是新线程将自己置于等待线程队列的头部。当公平设置为 true 时,信号量保证对于任何调用获取方法的线程而言,都按照处理它们调用这些方法的顺序(即先进先出;FIFO)来选择线程、获得许可。注意,FIFO 排序必然应用到这些方法内的指定内部执行点。所以,可能某个线程先于另一个线程调用了 acquire,但是却在该线程之后到达排序点,并且从方法返回时也类似。还要注意,非同步的 tryAcquire 方法不使用公平设置,而是使用任意可用的许可。

通常,应该将用于控制资源访问的信号量初始化为公平的,以确保所有线程都可访问资源。为其他的种类的同步控制使用信号量时,非公平排序的吞吐量优势通常要比公平考虑更为重要。

此类还提供便捷的方法来同时 acquire 和释放多个许可。小心,在未将公平设置为 true 时使用这些方法会增加不确定延期的风险。

package tij;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

/**
 * Created by huaox on 2017/4/2.
 *
 */

class Pool<T>{
    private int size;
    private List<T> items = new ArrayList<T>();
    private volatile boolean[] checkedOut;//被签出的对象
    private Semaphore semaphore;
    Pool(Class<T> tClass,int size) {
        this.size = size;
        checkedOut = new boolean[size];
        semaphore = new Semaphore(size, true);
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            try {
                items.add(tClass.newInstance());
            } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    T checkOut() throws InterruptedException {
            semaphore.acquire();//在许可可用前将被阻塞,直到许可可用
            return getItem();
    }
    void checkIin(T item){
       if (realease(item))//
           semaphore.release();
    }
    synchronized T getItem(){
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            if(!checkedOut[i]){
                checkedOut[i]=true;
                return items.get(i);
            }
        return null;
    }
    synchronized boolean realease(T item){
        int index = items.indexOf(item);
        if(index<0)
            return false;
        if(checkedOut[index]){
           checkedOut[index]=false;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}
class Flat{
    private volatile double d ;
    private static int count = 0;
    private final int id = count++;
    public Flat() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            d+=(Math.E+Math.PI)/(double) i;
        }
        //System.out.println("creating tij.Flat object "+id+" ");
    }
    public String toString() {
        return "tij.Flat id "+id;
    }
}
class CheckOutTask<T> implements Runnable{
    private static int count = 0;
    private final int id = count++;
    private Pool<T> pool;
    CheckOutTask(Pool<T> pool){
        this.pool = pool;
    }
    public void run() {
           try {
               T item = pool.checkOut();
               System.out.println(this + " is checking out "+ item+" ");
               TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
               pool.checkIin(item);
               System.out.println(this + " is checking  in "+ item+" ");
           }catch (InterruptedException e) {
               e.printStackTrace();
           }
    }
    public String toString() {
        return "tij.CheckOutTask " + id;
    }
}


public class Test5 {
    private final static int SIZE = 5;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        final Pool<Flat> pool = new Pool<>(Flat.class,SIZE);
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
            executorService.execute(new CheckOutTask<Flat>(pool));
        System.out.println("All checkoutTask created");
        List<Flat> list =new ArrayList<Flat>();
        for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
            Flat flat = pool.checkOut();
            System.out.println("main         "+i+" is checking out "+flat);
            list.add(flat);
        }
        Future<?> future = executorService.submit(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    Flat flat = pool.checkOut();
                    System.out.println("another is checking "+flat);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    System.out.println("InterruptedException form checkout");
                }
            }
        });
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
        future.cancel(true);
        System.out.println("checking in objects in"+list);
        for (Flat flat : list)
            pool.checkIin(flat);
        executorService.shutdown();
    }
}

输出结果:

All checkoutTask created
tij.CheckOutTask 0 is checking out tij.Flat id 0 
tij.CheckOutTask 1 is checking out tij.Flat id 1 
main         0 is checking out tij.Flat id 2
main         1 is checking out tij.Flat id 3
main         2 is checking out tij.Flat id 4
tij.CheckOutTask 1 is checking  in tij.Flat id 1 
tij.CheckOutTask 2 is checking out tij.Flat id 1 
main         3 is checking out tij.Flat id 0
tij.CheckOutTask 0 is checking  in tij.Flat id 0 
tij.CheckOutTask 3 is checking out tij.Flat id 1 
tij.CheckOutTask 2 is checking  in tij.Flat id 1 
tij.CheckOutTask 4 is checking out tij.Flat id 1 
tij.CheckOutTask 3 is checking  in tij.Flat id 1 
tij.CheckOutTask 4 is checking  in tij.Flat id 1 
main         4 is checking out tij.Flat id 1
InterruptedException form checkout
checking in objects in[tij.Flat id 2, tij.Flat id 3, tij.Flat id 4, tij.Flat id 0, tij.Flat id 1]

Process finished with exit code 0
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/soar-hu/p/6742376.html