$q
Description
@ngdoc service
@name $q
@requires $rootScope
@description
A promise/deferred implementation inspired by Kris Kowal's Q.
The CommonJS Promise proposal describes a promise as an
interface for interacting with an object that represents the result of an action that is
performed asynchronously, and may or may not be finished at any given point in time.
From the perspective of dealing with error handling, deferred and promise APIs are to
asynchronous programming what try, catch and throw keywords are to synchronous programming.
// for the purpose of this example let's assume that variables `$q`, `scope` and `okToGreet`
// are available in the current lexical scope (they could have been injected or passed in).
function asyncGreet(name) {
var deferred = $q.defer();
setTimeout(function () {
deferred.notify('About to greet ' + name + '.');
if (okToGreet(name)) {
deferred.resolve('Hello, ' + name + '!');
} else {
deferred.reject('Greeting ' + name + ' is not allowed.');
}
}, 1000);
return deferred.promise;
}
var promise = asyncGreet('Robin Hood');
promise.then(function (greeting) {
alert('Success: ' + greeting);
}, function (reason) {
alert('Failed: ' + reason);
}, function (update) {
alert('Got notification: ' + update);
});
At first it might not be obvious why this extra complexity is worth the trouble. The payoff
comes in the way of guarantees that promise and deferred APIs make, see
https://github.com/kriskowal/uncommonjs/blob/master/promises/specification.md.
Additionally the promise api allows for composition that is very hard to do with the
traditional callback (CPS) approach.
For more on this please see the Q documentation especially the
section on serial or parallel joining of promises.
The Deferred API
A new instance of deferred is constructed by calling $q.defer().
The purpose of the deferred object is to expose the associated Promise instance as well as APIs
that can be used for signaling the successful or unsuccessful completion, as well as the status
of the task.
Methods
resolve(value)– resolves the derived promise with thevalue. If the value is a rejection
constructed via$q.reject, the promise will be rejected instead.reject(reason)– rejects the derived promise with thereason. This is equivalent to
resolving it with a rejection constructed via$q.reject.notify(value)- provides updates on the status of the promise's execution. This may be called
multiple times before the promise is either resolved or rejected.
Properties
- promise –
{Promise}– promise object associated with this deferred.
The Promise API
A new promise instance is created when a deferred instance is created and can be retrieved by
calling deferred.promise.
The purpose of the promise object is to allow for interested parties to get access to the result
of the deferred task when it completes.
Methods
then(successCallback, errorCallback, notifyCallback)– regardless of when the promise was or
will be resolved or rejected,thencalls one of the success or error callbacks asynchronously
as soon as the result is available. The callbacks are called with a single argument: the result
or rejection reason. Additionally, the notify callback may be called zero or more times to
provide a progress indication, before the promise is resolved or rejected.
This method returns a new promise which is resolved or rejected via the return value of the
successCallback,errorCallback. It also notifies via the return value of the
notifyCallbackmethod. The promise can not be resolved or rejected from the notifyCallback
method.catch(errorCallback)– shorthand forpromise.then(null, errorCallback)finally(callback)– allows you to observe either the fulfillment or rejection of a promise,
but to do so without modifying the final value. This is useful to release resources or do some
clean-up that needs to be done whether the promise was rejected or resolved. See the full specification for
more information.
Becausefinallyis a reserved word in JavaScript and reserved keywords are not supported as
property names by ES3, you'll need to invoke the method likepromise['finally'](callback)to
make your code IE8 and Android 2.x compatible.
Chaining promises
Because calling the then method of a promise returns a new derived promise, it is easily
possible to create a chain of promises:
promiseB = promiseA.then(function(result) {
return result + 1;
});
// promiseB will be resolved immediately after promiseA is resolved and its value
// will be the result of promiseA incremented by 1
It is possible to create chains of any length and since a promise can be resolved with another
promise (which will defer its resolution further), it is possible to pause/defer resolution of
the promises at any point in the chain. This makes it possible to implement powerful APIs like
$http's response interceptors.
Differences between Kris Kowal's Q and $q
There are two main differences:
- (q is integrated with the {@link ng.)rootScope.Scope} Scope model observation
mechanism in angular, which means faster propagation of resolution or rejection into your
models and avoiding unnecessary browser repaints, which would result in flickering UI. - Q has many more features than $q, but that comes at a cost of bytes. $q is tiny, but contains
all the important functionality needed for common async tasks.
Testing
it('should simulate promise', inject(function($q, $rootScope) {
var deferred = $q.defer();
var promise = deferred.promise;
var resolvedValue;
promise.then(function(value) { resolvedValue = value; });
expect(resolvedValue).toBeUndefined();
// Simulate resolving of promise
deferred.resolve(123);
// Note that the 'then' function does not get called synchronously.
// This is because we want the promise API to always be async, whether or not
// it got called synchronously or asynchronously.
expect(resolvedValue).toBeUndefined();
// Propagate promise resolution to 'then' functions using $apply().
$rootScope.$apply();
expect(resolvedValue).toEqual(123);
}));
Source Code | $QProvider
function $QProvider() {
this.$get = ['$rootScope', '$exceptionHandler', function ($rootScope, $exceptionHandler) {
return qFactory(function (callback) {
$rootScope.$evalAsync(callback);
}, $exceptionHandler);
}];
}
Source Code | qFactory
Constructs a promise manager.
@param {function(Function)} nextTick Function for executing functions in the next turn.
@param {function(...*)} exceptionHandler Function into which unexpected exceptions are passed for
debugging purposes.
@returns {object} Promise manager.
function qFactory(nextTick, exceptionHandler) {
var defer = function () {
// ...
return deferred;
};
var reject = function (reason) {
var result = defer();
result.reject(reason);
return result.promise;
};
var when = function (value, callback, errback, progressback) {
// ...
return result.promise;
};
function all(promises) {
// ...
return deferred.promise;
}
return {
defer: defer,
reject: reject,
when: when,
all: all
};
}
$q#defer
@ngdoc method
@name $q#defer
@kind function
@description Creates a Deferred object which represents a task which will finish in the future.
@returns {Deferred} Returns a new instance of deferred.
var defer = function () {
var pending = [],
value, deferred;
deferred = {
resolve: function (val) {
if (pending) {
var callbacks = pending;
pending = undefined;
value = ref(val);
if (callbacks.length) {
nextTick(function () {
var callback;
for (var i = 0, ii = callbacks.length; i < ii; i++) {
callback = callbacks[i];
value.then(callback[0], callback[1], callback[2]);
}
});
}
}
},
reject: function (reason) {
deferred.resolve(createInternalRejectedPromise(reason));
},
notify: function (progress) {
if (pending) {
var callbacks = pending;
if (pending.length) {
nextTick(function () {
var callback;
for (var i = 0, ii = callbacks.length; i < ii; i++) {
callback = callbacks[i];
callback[2](progress);
}
});
}
}
},
promise: {
then: function (callback, errback, progressback) {
var result = defer();
var wrappedCallback = function (value) {
try {
result.resolve((isFunction(callback) ? callback : defaultCallback)(value));
} catch (e) {
result.reject(e);
exceptionHandler(e);
}
};
var wrappedErrback = function (reason) {
try {
result.resolve((isFunction(errback) ? errback : defaultErrback)(reason));
} catch (e) {
result.reject(e);
exceptionHandler(e);
}
};
var wrappedProgressback = function (progress) {
try {
result.notify((isFunction(progressback) ? progressback : defaultCallback)(progress));
} catch (e) {
exceptionHandler(e);
}
};
if (pending) {
pending.push([wrappedCallback, wrappedErrback, wrappedProgressback]);
} else {
value.then(wrappedCallback, wrappedErrback, wrappedProgressback);
}
return result.promise;
},
"catch": function (callback) {
return this.then(null, callback);
},
"finally": function (callback) {
function makePromise(value, resolved) {
var result = defer();
if (resolved) {
result.resolve(value);
} else {
result.reject(value);
}
return result.promise;
}
function handleCallback(value, isResolved) {
var callbackOutput = null;
try {
callbackOutput = (callback || defaultCallback)();
} catch (e) {
return makePromise(e, false);
}
if (callbackOutput && isFunction(callbackOutput.then)) {
return callbackOutput.then(function () {
return makePromise(value, isResolved);
}, function (error) {
return makePromise(error, false);
});
} else {
return makePromise(value, isResolved);
}
}
return this.then(function (value) {
return handleCallback(value, true);
}, function (error) {
return handleCallback(error, false);
});
}
}
};
return deferred;
};
var ref = function (value) {
if (value && isFunction(value.then)) return value;
return {
then: function (callback) {
var result = defer();
nextTick(function () {
result.resolve(callback(value));
});
return result.promise;
}
};
};
$q#reject
@ngdoc method
@name $q#reject
@kind function
@description
Creates a promise that is resolved as rejected with the specified reason. This api should be
used to forward rejection in a chain of promises. If you are dealing with the last promise in
a promise chain, you don't need to worry about it.
When comparing deferreds/promises to the familiar behavior of try/catch/throw, think of
reject as the throw keyword in JavaScript. This also means that if you "catch" an error via
a promise error callback and you want to forward the error to the promise derived from the
current promise, you have to "rethrow" the error by returning a rejection constructed via
reject.
promiseB = promiseA.then(function (result) {
// success: do something and resolve promiseB
// with the old or a new result
return result;
}, function (reason) {
// error: handle the error if possible and
// resolve promiseB with newPromiseOrValue,
// otherwise forward the rejection to promiseB
if (canHandle(reason)) {
// handle the error and recover
return newPromiseOrValue;
}
return $q.reject(reason);
});
@param {*} reason Constant, message, exception or an object representing the rejection reason.
@returns {Promise} Returns a promise that was already resolved as rejected with the reason.
Source code:
var reject = function (reason) {
var result = defer();
result.reject(reason);
return result.promise;
};
var createInternalRejectedPromise = function (reason) {
return {
then: function (callback, errback) {
var result = defer();
nextTick(function () {
try {
result.resolve((isFunction(errback) ? errback : defaultErrback)(reason));
} catch (e) {
result.reject(e);
exceptionHandler(e);
}
});
return result.promise;
}
};
};
$q#when
@ngdoc method
@name $q#when
@kind function
@description
Wraps an object that might be a value or a (3rd party) then-able promise into a $q promise.
This is useful when you are dealing with an object that might or might not be a promise, or if
the promise comes from a source that can't be trusted.
@param {*} value Value or a promise
@returns {Promise} Returns a promise of the passed value or promise
var when = function (value, callback, errback, progressback) {
var result = defer(),
done;
var wrappedCallback = function (value) {
try {
return (isFunction(callback) ? callback : defaultCallback)(value);
} catch (e) {
exceptionHandler(e);
return reject(e);
}
};
var wrappedErrback = function (reason) {
try {
return (isFunction(errback) ? errback : defaultErrback)(reason);
} catch (e) {
exceptionHandler(e);
return reject(e);
}
};
var wrappedProgressback = function (progress) {
try {
return (isFunction(progressback) ? progressback : defaultCallback)(progress);
} catch (e) {
exceptionHandler(e);
}
};
nextTick(function () {
ref(value).then(function (value) {
if (done) return;
done = true;
result.resolve(ref(value).then(wrappedCallback, wrappedErrback, wrappedProgressback));
}, function (reason) {
if (done) return;
done = true;
result.resolve(wrappedErrback(reason));
}, function (progress) {
if (done) return;
result.notify(wrappedProgressback(progress));
});
});
return result.promise;
};
function defaultCallback(value) {
return value;
}
function defaultErrback(reason) {
return reject(reason);
}
$q#all
@ngdoc method
@name $q#all
@kind function
@description
Combines multiple promises into a single promise that is resolved when all of the input
promises are resolved.
@param {Array.
@returns {Promise} Returns a single promise that will be resolved with an array/hash of values,
each value corresponding to the promise at the same index/key in the promises array/hash.
If any of the promises is resolved with a rejection, this resulting promise will be rejected
with the same rejection value.
function all(promises) {
var deferred = defer(),
counter = 0,
results = isArray(promises) ? [] : {};
forEach(promises, function (promise, key) {
counter++;
ref(promise).then(function (value) {
if (results.hasOwnProperty(key)) return;
results[key] = value;
if (!(--counter)) deferred.resolve(results);
}, function (reason) {
if (results.hasOwnProperty(key)) return;
deferred.reject(reason);
});
});
if (counter === 0) {
deferred.resolve(results);
}
return deferred.promise;
}