R 语言—基本绘图

https://www.harding.edu/fmccown/r/ 这个网站上有壮观的 R 绘制的实际图形

下面只记录自己感兴趣的内容

单变量绘图下包含

1. 带状图

2. 茎叶图

3. 直方图

4. 箱线图

5. 时序图

#======================================================
# 2010 总统经济报告

year=1960:2010

# 居民失业率
unemploy = c(5.5, 6.7, 5.5, 5.7, 5.2, 4.5, 3.8, 3.8, 3.6, 3.5,
+ 4.9, 5.9, 5.6, 4.9, 5.6, 8.5, 7.7, 7.1, 6.1, 5.8,
+ 7.1, 7.6, 9.7, 9.6, 7.5, 7.2, 7.0, 6.2, 5.5, 5.3,
+ 5.6, 6.8, 7.5, 6.9, 6.1, 5.6, 5.4, 4.9, 4.5, 4.2,
+ 4.0, 4.7, 5.8, 6.0, 5.5, 5.1, 4.6, 4.6, 5.8, 9.3,9.6)

# 联邦财政的盈余或亏损
surplus = c(0.1, -0.6, -1.3, -0.8, -0.9, -0.2, -0.5, -1.1, -2.9,
+ 0.3, -0.3, -2.1, -2.0, -1.1, -0.4, -3.4, -4.2, -2.7, -2.7,
+ -1.6, -2.7, -2.6, -4.0, -6.0, -4.8, -5.1, -5.0, -3.2, -3.1,
+ -2.8, -3.9, -4.5, -4.7, -3.9, -2.9, -2.2, -1.4, -0.3, 0.8,
+ 1.4, 2.4, 1.3, -1.5, -3.5, -3.6, -2.6, -1.9, -1.2, -3.2,
+ -10.0, -8.9)

# 数据收集年份中总统所代表的政党
party = c("R", "R", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D",
 "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "D", "D",
 "D", "D", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R",
 "R", "R", "R", "R", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D", "D",
 "D", "D", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R", "R",
 "D")

# 带状图
#stripchart(unemploy, xlab="1960 到 2010 年美国居民失业率", method="stack", pch=1, cex=3)

# 直方图
hist(unemploy, main=" ", breaks=c(3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10), xlab="1960 到 2010 年美国居民失业率")

# 茎叶图
# stem(unemploy)

# 箱线图
# boxplot(unemploy)

双变量绘图包含

1. 散点图：研究两个变量之间的关系

plot(surplus, unemploy, type="p", xlab="预算盈余", ylab="居民失业率");

2. 并列箱线图

boxplot(unemploy~party, range=0, names=c("民主党", "共和党"), boxwex=.5, ylab="居民失业率")
1. unemploy~party 是指根据 party 变量来划分失业率
2. range=0 表示将图的末端延长至最大值和最小值
3. names=c("民主党", "共和党") 表示对输出图形中的各个分类变量的类别命名
4. boxwex=.5 表示将箱子的宽度设置为默认宽度的一半

3. 条形图与饼图

num.yrs=c(length(year[party=="D"]),length(year[party=="R"]))
pie(num.yrs)
barplot(num.yrs)