ES6新特性

什么是ES6

ECMAScript6在保证向下兼容的前提下,提供大量新特性,目前浏览器兼容情况如下:

ES6特性如下:

1.块级作用域 关键字let, 常量const

2.对象字面量的属性赋值简写(property value shorthand)

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 1 var obj = {
 2 
 3    // __proto__
 4 
 5    __proto__: theProtoObj,
 6 
 7    // Shorthand for ‘handler: handler’
 8 
 9    handler,
10 
11    // Method definitions
12 
13    toString() {
14 
15    // Super calls
16 
17    return "d " + super.toString();
18 
19    },
20 
21    // Computed (dynamic) property names
22 
23    [ 'prop_' + (() => 42)() ]: 42
24 
25 };
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3.赋值解构

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1 let singer = { first: "Bob", last: "Dylan" };
2 
3 let { first: f, last: l } = singer; // 相当于 f = "Bob", l = "Dylan"
4 
5 let [all, year, month, day] =  /^(dddd)-(dd)-(dd)$/.exec("2015-10-25");
6 
7 let [x, y] = [1, 2, 3]; // x = 1, y = 2
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4.函数参数 - 默认值、参数打包、 数组展开(Default 、Rest 、Spread)

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//Default

function findArtist(name='lu', age='26') {

   ...

}

 

//Rest

function f(x, ...y) {

 // y is an Array

 return x * y.length;

}

f(3, "hello", true) == 6

 

//Spread

function f(x, y, z) {

 return x + y + z;

}

// Pass each elem of array as argument

f(...[1,2,3]) == 6
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5.箭头函数 Arrow functions

(1).简化了代码形式,默认return表达式结果。

(2).自动绑定语义this,即定义函数时的this。如上面例子中,forEach的匿名函数参数中用到的this。

6.字符串模板 Template strings

var name = "Bob", time = "today";

`Hello ${name}, how are you ${time}?`

// return "Hello Bob, how are you today?"

7.Iterators(迭代器)+ for..of

迭代器有个next方法,调用会返回:

(1).返回迭代对象的一个元素:{ done: false, value: elem }

(2).如果已到迭代对象的末端:{ done: true, value: retVal }

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for (var n of ['a','b','c']) {

 console.log(n);

}

// 打印a、b、c
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8.生成器 (Generators)

9.Class

Class,有constructor、extends、super,但本质上是语法糖(对语言的功能并没有影响,但是更方便程序员使用)。

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class Artist {

   constructor(name) {

       this.name = name;

   }

 

   perform() {

       return this.name + " performs ";

   }

}

 

class Singer extends Artist {

 

   constructor(name, song) {

       super.constructor(name);

       this.song = song;

   }

 

   perform() {

       return super.perform() + "[" + this.song + "]";

   }

}

 

let james = new Singer("Etta James", "At last");

james instanceof Artist; // true

james instanceof Singer; // true

 

james.perform(); // "Etta James performs [At last]"

10.Modules

ES6的内置模块功能借鉴了CommonJS和AMD各自的优点:

(1).具有CommonJS的精简语法、唯一导出出口(single exports)和循环依赖(cyclic dependencies)的特点。

(2).类似AMD,支持异步加载和可配置的模块加载。

// lib/math.js

export function sum(x, y) {

 return x + y;

}

export var pi = 3.141593;

 

// app.js

import * as math from "lib/math";

alert("2π = " + math.sum(math.pi, math.pi));

 

// otherApp.js

import {sum, pi} from "lib/math";

alert("2π = " + sum(pi, pi));

 

Module Loaders:

// Dynamic loading – ‘System’ is default loader

System.import('lib/math').then(function(m) {

 alert("2π = " + m.sum(m.pi, m.pi));

});

 

// Directly manipulate module cache

System.get('jquery');

System.set('jquery', Module({$: $})); // WARNING: not yet finalized
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11.Map + Set + WeakMap + WeakSet

四种集合类型,WeakMap、WeakSet作为属性键的对象如果没有别的变量在引用它们,则会被回收释放掉。

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// Sets

var s = new Set();

s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello");

s.size === 2;

s.has("hello") === true;

 

// Maps

var m = new Map();

m.set("hello", 42);

m.set(s, 34);

m.get(s) == 34;

 

//WeakMap

var wm = new WeakMap();

wm.set(s, { extra: 42 });

wm.size === undefined

 

// Weak Sets

var ws = new WeakSet();

ws.add({ data: 42 });//Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set
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12.Math + Number + String + Array + Object APIs

一些新的API

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Number.EPSILON

Number.isInteger(Infinity) // false

Number.isNaN("NaN") // false

 

Math.acosh(3) // 1.762747174039086

Math.hypot(3, 4) // 5

Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2) // 2

 

"abcde".includes("cd") // true

"abc".repeat(3) // "abcabcabc"

 

Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('*')) // Returns a real Array

Array.of(1, 2, 3) // Similar to new Array(...), but without special one-arg behavior

 

[0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) // [0,7,7]

[1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) // 3

[1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2) // 1

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0) // [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]

["a", "b", "c"].entries() // iterator [0, "a"], [1,"b"], [2,"c"]

["a", "b", "c"].keys() // iterator 0, 1, 2

["a", "b", "c"].values() // iterator "a", "b", "c"

 

Object.assign(Point, { origin: new Point(0,0) })
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13.Proxies

使用代理(Proxy)监听对象的操作,然后可以做一些相应事情。

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var target = {};

var handler = {

 get: function (receiver, name) {

   return `Hello, ${name}!`;

 }

};

 

var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

p.world === 'Hello, world!';
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可监听的操作: get、set、has、deleteProperty、apply、construct、getOwnPropertyDescriptor、defineProperty、getPrototypeOf、setPrototypeOf、enumerate、ownKeys、preventExtensions、isExtensible。

14.Symbols

Symbol是一种基本类型。Symbol 通过调用symbol函数产生,它接收一个可选的名字参数,该函数返回的symbol是唯一的。

var key = Symbol("key");

var key2 = Symbol("key");

key == key2  //false

15.Promises

Promises是处理异步操作的对象,使用了 Promise 对象之后可以用一种链式调用的方式来组织代码,让代码更加直观(类似jQuery的deferred 对象)。

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function fakeAjax(url) {

 return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

   // setTimeouts are for effect, typically we would handle XHR

   if (!url) {

     return setTimeout(reject, 1000);

   }

   return setTimeout(resolve, 1000);

 });

}

 

// no url, promise rejected

fakeAjax().then(function () {

 console.log('success');

},function () {

 console.log('fail');

});
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总结

对于ES6,在某些方式是不是重蹈ES4的覆辙,变得复杂了;又或许几年后大家的接受能力变强了,觉得是应该这样了。我觉得还是不错的,因为它们是向下兼容的,即使复杂语法不会用,也能用自己熟知的方式,提供的语法糖也都挺实际。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuqiunile/p/8641355.html