包格式及IP地址，网络层协议

包格式及IP地址，网络层协议

  1. 案例1：配置静态路由
  2. 案例2：配置浮动路由
  3. 案例3：配置多路由的静态路由
  4. 案例4：配置默认路由

1 案例1：配置静态路由

1.1 问题

配置路由接口IP地址并通过静态路由的配置实现全网的互通。

1.2 方案

按如下网络拓扑配置接口IP地址并通过静态路由的配置实现全网的互通如图-1所示：

图-1

1.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：配置静态路由

1）R1上配置接口IP

  1. R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
  2. R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
  3. R1(config-if)#no shutdown
  4. R1(config-if)#exit
  5. R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
  6. R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
  7. R1(config-if)#no shutdown

2)R2上配置接口IP

  1. R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
  2. R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
  3. R2(config-if)#no shutdown
  4. R2config-if)#exit
  5. R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
  6. R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.254 255.255.255.0
  7. R2(config-if)#no shutdown

3）R1上添加静态路由

  1. R1(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2

4）R1上查看路由表

  1. R1#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. S    192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2                     //S表示静态路由

5）R2上添加静态路由

  1. R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

6）R2上查看路由条目

  1. R2#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. S    192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.1                     //S表示静态路由
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

7）配置PC1的IP地址为192.168.1.1，网关为192.168.1.254

8）配置PC2的IP地址为192.168.4.1，网关为192.168.4.254

9）测试网络连通性,PC1 ping 192.168.4.1

  1. PC>ping 192.168.4.1
  2. Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
  3. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
  4. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=126
  5. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=126
  6. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=126
  7. Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
  8. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  9. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  10. Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 11ms, Average = 8ms

2 案例2：配置浮动路由

2.1 问题

配置浮动静态路由

2.2 方案

按如下网络拓扑配置接口IP地址配置浮动路由实现链路的冗余，如图-2所示

 

图-2

2.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：配置静态路由并添加模块

1）R1上配置接口IP

在以上静态路由实验的基础上，先分别进入R1与R2的特权模式输入write命令保存配置信息，然后分别进入R1与R2的物理配置界面，点击开关按钮关闭路由器，添加NM-1FE-TX模块并再次点击开关按钮，如下图-3所示。

 

图－3

2）添加模块后将R1的F1/0接口连接到R2的F1/0接口修改拓扑如下图-4所示：

 

图－4

3）配置R1的F1/0接口IP

  1. R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
  2. R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
  3. R1(config-if)#no shutdown

4）配置R2的F1/0接口IP

  1. R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
  2. R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
  3. R2(config-if)#no shutdown

5）R1上添加静态浮动路由

  1. R1(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2 50   //管理距离50

6）R2上添加静态浮动路由

  1. R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 50  //管理距离50

7）R1上查看路由表

  1. R1#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
  13. S    192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2  //只有下一跳为192.168.2.2的静态路由

8）禁用F/01接口

  1. R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
  2. R1(config-if)#shutdown

9)R1上查看路由表

  1. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  2. S    192.168.4.0/24 [50/0] via 192.168.3.2//下一跳接口为192.168.4.2的路由生效
  3. C    192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0

10）测试网络连通性,PC1 ping 192.168.4.1

  1. PC>ping 192.168.4.1
  2. Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
  3. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
  4. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=126
  5. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=11ms TTL=126
  6. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
  7. Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
  8. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  9. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  10. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 11ms, Average = 5ms

3 案例3：配置多路由的静态路由

3.1 问题

配置多路由的静态路由

3.2 方案

网络环境及IP地址规划，如图-5所示

图-5

3.3 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一：配置路由IP和静态路由

1) R1上配置接口IP

  1. Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
  2. R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
  3. R1(config-if)#no shutdown
  4. R1(config-if)#exit
  5. R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
  6. R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
  7. R1(config-if)#no shutdown

2)R2上配置接口IP

  1. R2(config)#interface f0/1
  2. R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
  3. R2(config-if)#no shutdown
  4. R2(config-if)#exit
  5. R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
  6. R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
  7. R2(config-if)#no shutdown

3)R3上配置接口IP

  1. R3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
  2. R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
  3. R3(config-if)#no shutdown
  4. R3(config-if)#exit
  5. R3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
  6. R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.254 255.255.255.0
  7. R3(config-if)#no shutdown

4）R1、R2、R3上分别添加静态路由

  1. R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
  2. R1(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
  3. R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
  4. R2(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2
  5. R3(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
  6. R3(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1

5）R1上查看路由表

  1. R1#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. S    192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2    //静态路由
  13. S    192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2    //静态路由

6）R2上查看路由表

  1. R2#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. S    192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.1    //静态路由
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  13. S    192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.3.2    //静态路由

7）R3上查看路由表

  1. R3#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is not set
  10. S    192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.3.1    //静态路由
  11. S    192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.3.1    //静态路由
  12. C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  13. C    192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

8）按图-4配置PC的IP地址

9）测试网络连通性,PC1 ping 192.168.2.2、192.168.3.1、192.168.3.2、192.168.4.1

  1. PC>ping 192.168.2.2                            //ping 192.168.2.2
  2. Pinging 192.168.2.2 with 32 bytes of data:
  3. Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  4. Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  5. Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  6. Reply from 192.168.2.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  7. Ping statistics for 192.168.2.2:
  8. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  9. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  10. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
  11. PC>ping 192.168.3.1                          //ping 192.168.3.1
  12. Pinging 192.168.3.1 with 32 bytes of data:
  13. Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  14. Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=254
  15. Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  16. Reply from 192.168.3.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=254
  17. Ping statistics for 192.168.3.1:
  18. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  19. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  20. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 3ms, Average = 0ms
  21. PC>ping 192.168.3.2                          //ping 192.168.3.2
  22. Pinging 192.168.3.2 with 32 bytes of data:
  23. Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=253
  24. Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=253
  25. Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=253
  26. Reply from 192.168.3.2: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=253
  27. Ping statistics for 192.168.3.2:
  28. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  29. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  30. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 12ms, Average = 6ms
  31. PC>ping 192.168.4.1                          //ping 192.168.4.1
  32. Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
  33. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=125
  34. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=125
  35. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=125
  36. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=22ms TTL=125
  37. Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
  38. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  39. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  40. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 22ms, Average = 8ms

4 案例4：配置默认路由

4.1 问题

配置默认路由

4.2 方案

网络环境及IP地址规划，如图-6所示

 

图-6

4.3 步骤

1）在案例3基础上删除R1与R3的静态路由

  1. R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
  2. R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
  3. R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
  4. R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1

2）R1、R3添加默认路由

  1. R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2
  2. R3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.1
  3. 12）R1上查看路由表
  4. R1#show ip route
  5. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  6. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  7. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  8. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  9. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  10. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  11. P - periodic downloaded static route
  12. Gateway of last resort is 192.168.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0
  13. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  14. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  15. S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2     //默认路由

3）R1、R3上查看路由表

  1. R1#show ip route
  2. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  3. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  4. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  5. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  6. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  7. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  8. P - periodic downloaded static route
  9. Gateway of last resort is 192.168.3.1 to network 0.0.0.0
  10. C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  11. C    192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  12. S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2     //默认路由
  14. R3#show ip route
  15. Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  16. D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  17. N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  18. E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  19. i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
  20. * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
  21. P - periodic downloaded static route
  22. Gateway of last resort is 192.168.3.1 to network 0.0.0.0
  23. C    192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
  24. C    192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
  25. S*   0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.3.1     //默认路由

4）测试网络连通性,PC1 ping 192.168.4.1

  1. PC>ping 192.168.4.1
  2. Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
  3. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=125
  4. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=125
  5. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=14ms TTL=125
  6. Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=14ms TTL=125
  7. Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
  8. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  9. Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  10. Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 14ms, Average = 7ms = 0ms，平均 = 0ms
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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/qingbai/p/11970400.html