perl-basic-数据类型&引用

我觉得这一系列的标题应该是：PERL，从入门到放弃

USE IT OR U WILL LOSE IT

参考资料：

https://qntm.org/files/perl/perl.html

在线perl编译器：

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/execute_perl_online.php

---

use strict;
use warnings;
# no block comments

# variables: use 'my' for declaration
# 1. scalars: undef(like NULL), number, string, reference to any other variables
# no distinguish between float and int
my $num = 12.34;
# use '.' for string concatenation
my $str = "hello, "."m'lady";
print $str."
";
# no boolean type. but "false" in condition means: 0,"","0",undef
# 2. arrays: use @variableName
# trailing comma is OK
my @arr = (1, "hi", 3,);
# use '$' because it's scala when retrived
print $arr[0]."
";
# negative index means retriving from backend
print "$arr[-2]
";
# '' will not interpret, just output raw string
# "" will interpret variables
# they're same: print 'Hello $str @arr'
print "Hello $str @arr"

# OPERATORS
# Numerical operators:  <,  >, <=, >=, ==, !=, <=>, +, *
# String operators:    lt, gt, le, ge, eq, ne, cmp, ., x

啦啦啦今天继续啊

数组长度：

my @arr = (2, "Hi", "my", "lady", "!");
# the length of array
print scalar @arr;
print "
";
# the end index of array. aka, length-1
print $#arr;

• hash Tables:

use strict;
use warnings;

# hash variable
my %hashTable = ("1st" => "hi",
"2nd" => "my",
"3rd" => "lady");
# since some element is a scalar
print $hashTable{"1st"};

use strict;
use warnings;

my %hashTable = (1=>"hi", 2=>"my", "3rd"=>"lady");

# convert to array
my @arr = %hashTable;
# 1hi2my3rdlady
print @arr;
# output 1
print $arr[0];

# 索引时hash用{},array[],""有无无所谓；构建时两者都用()　
#print $hashTable{1};
#print $hashTable{"1"};

• list　　

列表指的是用()构建的东西，array和hash都是。列表可以作为一个元素放在列表中间，但是会失去层次结构。hash的话，

use strict;
use warnings;

my @array = (
	"apples",
	"bananas",
	(
		"inner",
		"list",
		"several",
		"entries",
	),
	"cherries",
);
my $i = 0;
while ($i <= $#array) {
    print "array[$i] is ".$array[$i]."
";
    $i = $i + 1;
    }

但其实list与array还是不同的，如下例：

my @arr = ("alpha", "beta", "gamma", "pie");
# 这里得到arr的长度
my $num = @arr;
print "$num
";
# output: pie　$num1存的是最后一项
my $num1 = ("alpha", "beta", "gamma", "pie");
print "$num1
";

Every expression in Perl is evaluated either in scalar context or list context

而对很多函数来说，对scalar和list的处理方式是不同的，如reverse：

# link. no reverse
print reverse "hello, my lady", 3, " ";
print "
";
# reverse each letter
my $scalar = reverse "hello, my lady";
print "$scalar
";

可以在前面强制加scalar，让函数可以按照scalar的方式处理：

print scalar reverse "hello world"; # "dlrow olleh"　　

而在下面的例子中，给$outer[3]赋值时，由于它是scalar，所以取得的值只能是数组长度，而非数组。

my @outer = ("Sun", "Mercury", "Venus", undef, "Mars");
my @inner = ("Earth", "Moon");

$outer[3] = @inner;

print $outer[3]; # "2"　　

好吧，为了解决这个问题，使用引用：

my $colour    = "Indigo";
# add reference
my $scalarRef = $colour;
print $colour;         # "Indigo"
print $scalarRef;      # e.g. "SCALAR(0x182c180)"
print ${ $scalarRef }; # "Indigo"
# 如果不会混淆，可以省略{}
print $$scalarRef;

my @colours = ("Red", "Orange", "Yellow", "Green", "Blue");
my $arrayRef = @colours;

print $colours[0];       # direct array access
print ${ $arrayRef }[0]; # use the reference to get to the array
print $arrayRef->[0];    # exactly the same thing

my %atomicWeights = ("Hydrogen" => 1.008, "Helium" => 4.003, "Manganese" => 54.94);
my $hashRef = \%atomicWeights;

print $atomicWeights{"Helium"}; # direct hash access
print ${ $hashRef }{"Helium"};  # use a reference to get to the hash
print $hashRef->{"Helium"};     # exactly the same thing - this is very common

 我们希望定义自己的数据类型，类似C++里类的概念，所以我们这样做：

# Braces denote an anonymous hash
my $owner1Ref = {
	"name" => "Santa Claus",
	"DOB"  => "1882-12-25",
};

my $owner2Ref = {
	"name" => "Mickey Mouse",
	"DOB"  => "1928-11-18",
};

# Square brackets denote an anonymous array
my $ownersRef = [ $owner1Ref, $owner2Ref ];

my %account = (
	"number" => "12345678",
	"opened" => "2000-01-01",
	"owners" => $ownersRef,
);

注意，这里$owner1Ref和$owner2Ref存的其实是一个匿名hash的引用，$ownersRef存的则是匿名array的引用。既然时候引用，

它们的实际值就是地址。所以%account中才能够保存完整的信息。等价于：

my %account = (
	"number" => "31415926",
	"opened" => "3000-01-01",
	"owners" => [
		{
			"name" => "Philip Fry",
			"DOB"  => "1974-08-06",
		},
		{
			"name" => "Hubert Farnsworth",
			"DOB"  => "2841-04-09",
		},
	],
);　

如何打印？使用->

print "Account #", $account{"number"}, "
";
print "Opened on ", $account{"opened"}, "
";
print "Joint owners:
";
print "	", $account{"owners"}->[0]->{"name"}, " (born ", $account{"owners"}->[0]->{"DOB"}, ")
";
print "	", $account{"owners"}->[1]->{"name"}, " (born ", $account{"owners"}->[1]->{"DOB"}, ")
";