对比MFC资源文件谈谈WPF布局方式
MFC方式
对于传统的MFC基于UI的应用程序设计通常分两步走，首先是设计UI，使用的是RC文件，然后是代码文件，对RC文件进行操作，如下面Figure 1 的基于对话框的应用程序，其对应的代码如Figure 2所示，这就是MFC时代的所见即所得，如大家所见，每个控件的代码都和位置都是写死的坐标，这样会带来的问题是当你改变系统运行的的DPI或者软件需要支持本地化的时候，由于有的语言对于同样的意思需要比较长的文字表示，就会带来文字显示不下或者显示不完整的情况。解决问题的方式想必大家都遇见过，手动的去拖拽控件的大小，然后再在不同的语言的系统上进行测试，整个过程异常繁琐，而且错误百出。
Figure 1 MFC对话框 UI设计
IDD_MAINWIDNOW DIALOGEX 0, 0, 201, 250 STYLE DS_SYSMODAL | DS_SETFONT | DS_SETFOREGROUND | DS_FIXEDSYS | DS_CENTER | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU CAPTION "SendMessage" MENU IDC_SENDMESSAGE CLASS "SendMessage" FONT 8, "MS Shell Dlg", 400, 0, 0x1 BEGIN CONTROL 137,IDC_CAPTURE,"Static",SS_BITMAP,162,68,21,17 GROUPBOX "Message",IDC_STATIC,6,94,188,131 COMBOBOX IDC_WINDOWSMESSAGE,72,106,118,30,CBS_DROPDOWNLIST | CBS_SORT | WS_VSCROLL | WS_TABSTOP EDITTEXT IDC_LPARAM,72,124,118,14,ES_AUTOHSCROLL EDITTEXT IDC_WPARAM,72,142,118,14,ES_AUTOHSCROLL LTEXT "Results from window:",IDC_STATIC,12,162,70,8 EDITTEXT IDC_RESULTS,12,174,178,45,ES_MULTILINE | ES_AUTOHSCROLL | ES_READONLY | NOT WS_BORDER PUSHBUTTON "Send message",IDC_SENDMESSAGE,107,229,87,14 GROUPBOX "Window",IDC_STATIC,6,7,186,83 CONTROL "Message:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,108,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT CONTROL "wParam:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,126,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT CONTROL "lParam:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,144,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT CONTROL "Handle:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,18,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT EDITTEXT IDC_WINDOW_HANDLE,72,16,118,14,ES_AUTOHSCROLL CONTROL "Window name:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,34,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT EDITTEXT IDC_WINDOW_NAME,72,32,118,14,ES_AUTOHSCROLL EDITTEXT IDC_WINDOW_CLASS,72,48,118,14,ES_AUTOHSCROLL CONTROL "Window class:",IDC_STATIC,"Static",SS_SIMPLE | WS_GROUP,12,50,54,8,WS_EX_RIGHT PUSHBUTTON "Highlight Window",IDC_HIGHLIGHT_WINDOW,12,72,96,14 END
Figure 2 MFC对话框 UI代码
WPF方式
微软当然知道传统MFC程序的问题，终极的解决方案就是WPF布局，WPF的主流的最简单的布局方式有一下5种。
-Canvas
-StackPanel
-WrapPanel
-DockPanel
-Grid
举例来说DockPanel，简单的几行代码，对5个button进行了布局，大家可以看到，整个布局过程没有一个坐标，这样带来的还出就是改变窗口大小或者DPI，国际化，都不需要任何额外的工作，生活如此美好。
<Window x:Class="WpfApp.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="Hi There！" Height="350" Width="525"> <DockPanel> <Button DockPanel.Dock=" Top" Background=" pink" >1 (Top)</Button> <Button DockPanel.Dock=" Left" Background=" Orange" >2 (Left)</Button> <Button DockPanel.Dock=" Right" Background=" Yellow" >3 (Right)</Button> <Button DockPanel.Dock=" Bottom" Background=" Lime" >4 (Bottom)</Button> <Button Background=" Aqua" >5</Button> </DockPanel> </Window>
Figure 3 简单WPF布局方式
Figure 4 简单WPF布局方式效果图
当然WPF的能力不止于此，应用WPF完全可以做出基于MFC没办法做出来，或者很难做出来的效果，而且极其简单明了，这就是框架的力量，下面我们来看一个稍微复杂点的例子，当然这样的例子在网上随处可见，不作为奇，但是已经可以说明一定的问题。我们先来看看效果图，然后是源代码。
Figure 5 一个稍微复杂的WPF布局方式效果图
<Window x:Class="MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="Hi There!"
>
<DockPanel>
<Menu DockPanel.Dock="Top">
<MenuItem Header="File"/>
<MenuItem Header="Edit"/>
<MenuItem Header="View"/>
<MenuItem Header="Project"/>
<MenuItem Header="Build"/>
<MenuItem Header="Data"/>
<MenuItem Header="Tools"/>
<MenuItem Header="Window"/>
<MenuItem Header="Community"/>
<MenuItem Header="Help"/>
</Menu>
<StackPanel Name="buttonBar" Orientation="Horizontal" DockPanel.Dock="Right">
<StackPanel.LayoutTransform>
<RotateTransform Angle="90"/>
</StackPanel.LayoutTransform>
<Button Name="pane1Button" MouseEnter="pane1Button_MouseEnter">
Toolbox
</Button>
<Button Name="pane2Button" MouseEnter="pane2Button_MouseEnter">
Solution Explorer
</Button>
</StackPanel>
<Grid Name="parentGrid" Grid.IsSharedSizeScope="True">
<Grid Name="layer0" MouseEnter="layer0_MouseEnter">
<!-- Define four rows: -->
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="Auto"/>
<RowDefinition/>
<RowDefinition/>
<RowDefinition/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<!-- Define two columns: -->
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition Width="Auto"/>
<ColumnDefinition/>
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<Label Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0" Grid.ColumnSpan="2" Background="Blue" Foreground="White"
HorizontalContentAlignment="Center">
<Label.LayoutTransform>
<ScaleTransform ScaleX="2" ScaleY="2" />
</Label.LayoutTransform>
SolidMango
</Label>
<GroupBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="0" Background="White"
Header="Recent Projects">...</GroupBox>
<GroupBox Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="0" Background="White"
Header="Getting Started">...</GroupBox>
<GroupBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="0" Background="White" Header="Headlines">...</GroupBox>
<GroupBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Grid.RowSpan="3" Background="White" Header="Online Articles">
<ListBox>
<ListBoxItem>Item #1</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>Item #2</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>Item #3</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>Item #4</ListBoxItem>
</ListBox>
</GroupBox>
</Grid>
<Grid Name="layer1" Visibility="Collapsed">
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition/>
<ColumnDefinition SharedSizeGroup="column1" Width="auto"/>
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<Grid Grid.Column="1" MouseEnter="pane1_MouseEnter"
Background="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ActiveCaptionBrushKey}}" >
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="auto"/>
<RowDefinition/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<DockPanel Grid.Row="0">
<Button Width="26" Name="pane1Pin" DockPanel.Dock="Right" Click="pane1Pin_Click" Background="White">
<Image Name="pane1PinImage" Source="pinHorizontal.gif"/>
</Button>
<TextBlock Padding="8" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" Foreground="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ActiveCaptionTextBrushKey}}" DockPanel.Dock="Left">Toolbox</TextBlock>
</DockPanel>
<ListBox Padding="10" Grid.Row="1">
<ListBoxItem>Button</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>CheckBox</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>ComboBox</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>Label</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>ListBox</ListBoxItem>
</ListBox>
</Grid>
<GridSplitter Width="5" Grid.Column="1" HorizontalAlignment="Left"/>
</Grid>
<Grid Name="layer2" Visibility="Collapsed">
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition/>
<ColumnDefinition SharedSizeGroup="column2" Width="auto"/>
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<Grid Grid.Column="1" MouseEnter="pane2_MouseEnter" Background="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ActiveCaptionBrushKey}}">
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="auto"/>
<RowDefinition Height="auto"/>
<RowDefinition/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<DockPanel Grid.Row="0">
<Button Width="26" Name="pane2Pin" DockPanel.Dock="Right" Click="pane2Pin_Click" Background="White">
<Image Name="pane2PinImage" Source="pinHorizontal.gif"/>
</Button>
<TextBlock Padding="8" TextTrimming="CharacterEllipsis" Foreground="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ActiveCaptionTextBrushKey}}" DockPanel.Dock="Left">Solution Explorer</TextBlock>
</DockPanel>
<ToolBar Grid.Row="1">
<Button>
<Image Source="iconVSproperties.bmp"/>
</Button>
<Button>
<Image Source="iconVSshowall.bmp"/>
</Button>
<Button>
<Image Source="iconVSrefresh.bmp"/>
</Button>
</ToolBar>
<TreeView Grid.Row="2">
<TreeViewItem Header="My Solution">
<TreeViewItem Header="Project #1"/>
<TreeViewItem Header="Project #2"/>
<TreeViewItem Header="Project #3"/>
</TreeViewItem>
</TreeView>
</Grid>
<GridSplitter Width="5" Grid.Column="1" HorizontalAlignment="Left"/>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</DockPanel>
</Window>
Figure 6 一个稍微复杂的WPF布局方式源代码
总结
对比两种UI设计方式，读者不难看出，WPF对于UI设计的优越性是MFC RC方式无可匹敌的，无论是从生产力还是界面的美观性上来讲，差一代的技术，差的还是很明显的，WPF的UI设计方式受HTML的启发，在里面能看到很多的HTML的影子，当年微软以一个轻量级的WPF--silverlight 剑指 HTML，虽然silverlight 已经一败涂地，但是WPF仍然是Windows UI 设计的首选。