多重检验中p-value的校正
Multiple testing corrections adjust p-values derived from multiple statistical tests to correct for occurrence of false positives. In microarray data analysis, false positives are genes that are found to be statistically different between conditions, but are not in reality.
方法：
A. Bonferroni correction
The p-value of each gene is multiplied by the number of genes in the gene list. If the corrected p-value is still below the error rate, the gene will be significant: Corrected P-value= p-value * n (number of genes in test) <0.05 As a consequence, if testing 1000 genes at a time, the highest accepted individual pvalue is 0.00005, making the correction very stringent. With a Family-wise error rate of 0.05 (i.e., the probability of at least one error in the family), the expected number of false positives will be 0.05.
B. Bonferroni Step-down (Holm) correction
This correction is very similar to the Bonferroni, but a little less stringent: 1) The p-value of each gene is ranked from the smallest to the largest. 2) The first p-value is multiplied by the number of genes present in the gene list: if the end value is less than 0.05, the gene is significant: Corrected P-value= p-value * n < 0.05 3) The second p-value is multiplied by the number of genes less 1: Corrected P-value= p-value * n-1 < 0.05 4) The third p-value is multiplied by the number of genes less 2: Corrected P-value= p-value * n-2 < 0.05 It follows that sequence until no gene is found to be significant. Example: Let n=1000, error rate=0.05 Gene name p-value before correction Rank Correction Is gene significant after correction? A 0.00002 1 0.00002 * 1000=0.02 0.02<0.05 => Yes B 0.00004 2 0.00004*999=0.039 0.039<0.05 => Yes C 0.00009 3 0.00009*998=0.0898 0.0898>0.05 => No Because it is a little less corrective as the p-value increases, this correction is less
conservative. However the Family-wise error rate is very similar to the Bonferroni correction (see table in section IV).
C. Westfall and Young Permutation
Both Bonferroni and Holm methods are called single-step procedures, where each pvalue is corrected independently. The Westfall and Young permutation method takes advantage of the dependence structure between genes, by permuting all the genes at the same time. The Westfall and Young permutation follows a step-down procedure similar to the Holm method, combined with a bootstrapping method to compute the p-value distribution:
1) P-values are calculated for each gene based on the original data set and
ranked. 2) The permutation method creates a pseudo-data set by dividing the data into artificial treatment and control groups. 3) P-values for all genes are computed on the pseudo-data set. 4) The successive minima of the new p-values are retained and compared to the original ones. 5) This process is repeated a large number of times, and the proportion of resampled data sets where the minimum pseudo-p-value is less than the original p-value is the adjusted p-value. Because of the permutations, the method is very slow. The Westfall and Young permutation method has a similar Family-wise error rate as the Bonferroni and Holm corrections.
D. Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate
This correction is the least stringent of all 4 options, and therefore tolerates more false positives. There will be also less false negative genes. Here is how it works: 1) The p-values of each gene are ranked from the smallest to the largest. 2) The largest p-value remains as it is. 3) The second largest p-value is multiplied by the total number of genes in gene
list divided by its rank. If less than 0.05, it is significant.
Corrected p-value = p-value*(n/n-1) < 0.05, if so, gene is significant.
4) The third p-value is multiplied as in step 3: Corrected p-value = p-value*(n/n-2) < 0.05, if so, gene is significant. And so on.
http://fhqdddddd.blog.163.com/blog/static/18699154201093171158444/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons
http://www.silicongenetics.com/Support/GeneSpring/GSnotes/analysis_guides/mtc.pdf
目前这些校正方法用于gene ontology的enrichment analysis